谷歌翻译联合国新疆人权评估4

谷歌翻译联合国新疆人权评估4

IV、Imprisonment and other forms of deprivation of liberty

监禁和其他形式的剥夺自由

36、As indicated above, the Government has explained that its counter-terrorism and counter-“extremism” system is based on a distinction between “serious” acts that merit punishment through the criminal justice system and “minor” cases that require leniency, education and rehabilitation. Under the latter, administrative track, individuals of concern would generally be placed in a so-called “Vocational Education and Training Centre” (VETC). The Government has maintained that the VETC facilities have been closed since 2019.

如上所述，政府解释说，其反恐和反“极端主义”制度是基于区分应通过刑事司法制度惩处的“严重”行为和需要宽大处理、教育和改造的“轻微”案件。在后者的行政轨道下，受关注的个人通常会被安置在所谓的“职业教育和培训中心”（VETC）。政府坚称VETC设施自2019年以来已关闭。

A. Referrals to “Vocational Education and Training Centres”

转介至“职业教育及培训中心”

37、In October 2018, shortly after the Government first stated the existence of “vocational training centres”, the Xinjiang Implementing Measures for the P.R.C. Counter-Terrorism Law (“XIM”) and the XUAR Regulation on De-extremification (“XRD”) were both revised to explicitly introduce provisions permitting the establishment of such centres. In mid- 2019, in a follow-up response to the CERD Committee, the Government reported that it had established "vocational education and training centres, in accordance with the law, to eradicate the breeding ground and conditions for the spread of terrorism and religious extremism”.

2018年10月，在政府首次宣布设立“职业培训中心”后不久，《中华人民共和国新疆实施办法》反恐法（XIM）和新疆维吾尔自治区去极端化条例（XRD）都进行了修订，以明确引入允许建立此类中心的规定。 2019年年中，在对消除种族歧视委员会的后续回应中，政府报告说，它已“依法建立职业教育和培训中心，以消除“极端主义”恐怖主义和宗教活动蔓延的温床和条件。

38、According to the Government’s 2019 White Paper on “Vocational Education and Training in Xinjiang” and relevant legal provisions, three categories of individuals can be held in such centres. The first category includes individuals who have been convicted for terrorist or “extremist” crimes and who are, upon completion of their sentence “assessed as still posing a potential threat to society”. Such people are, according to the law, sent to VETC facilities by a court decision.The second category includes “people who were incited, coerced or induced into participating in terrorist or extremist activities, or people who participated in terrorist or extremist activities in circumstances that were not serious enough to constitute a crime”. Those people can be referred to VETC facilities upon a decision of the police. The third category consists of “people who were incited, coerced or induced into participating in terrorist or extremist activities, or people who participated in terrorist or extremist activities that posed a real danger but did not cause actual harm”. In these cases the procuratorate can decide to waive a sentence on the condition that the offender’s “subjective malice is not deep and they can sincerely repent and voluntarily accept education and assistance”.

根据政府2019年《新疆职业教育与培训》白皮书及相关法律规定，此类中心可收容三类人员。第一类包括因恐怖主义或“极端主义”罪行而被定罪的个人，并且在刑期完成后“被评估为仍对社会构成潜在威胁”。此类人员依法由法院判决送至VETC设施。第二类包括“被煽动、胁迫或诱导参与恐怖活动或极端主义活动的人，或参与恐怖活动或极端主义活动的人”。情节还不足以构成犯罪”。根据警方的决定，这些人可以被转介到VETC设施。第三类是“被教唆、胁迫、诱导参与恐怖活动、极端主义活动的，或者参与了构成真实危险但未造成实际伤害的恐怖活动、极端主义活动的人”。在这些情况下，检察院可以决定免刑，条件是犯罪人“主观恶意不深，能够真诚悔改，自愿接受教育和帮助”。

39、In the same 2019 White Paper, the Government stated that “education and training [in VETC facilities] is not a measure to limit or circumscribe the freedom of the person”, while in its response to the CERD Committee it stated that VETC facilities are “ schools by nature”. Under international human rights law, however, a deprivation of liberty occurs when a person “is being held without his or her free consent”, involving a “more severe restriction of motion within a narrower space than mere interference with liberty” of movement”. A deprivation of liberty, within the meaning of international human rights law, can occur in any type of location and does not need to be officially labelled as such.

在同一份2019年白皮书中，政府表示“教育和[在VETC设施中]进行培训不是限制或限制个人自由的措施”，而在其对CERD委员会的回应中，它表示VETC设施是“本质上的学校”。然而，根据国际人权法，当一个人“未经他或她的自由同意而被关押”时，就会发生剥夺自由，这涉及“比仅仅干涉行动自由更严格地限制在狭窄空间内的行动”。国际人权法意义上的剥夺自由可以发生在任何类型的地点，无需正式标记。

40、The 2019 White Paper on “Vocational Education and Training in Xinjiang” states that the centres are “residential”, and that referral follows a decision by the court or public security officials, rather than being voluntary. This is the case even for referrals by the procuratorate, where the concerned individual is given a “choice” between referral to a VETC facility and a prison sentence, implying that placement in a VETC is a form of alternative sanction to a prison sentence.

2019年《新疆职业教育与培训》白皮书指出，这些中心是“住宅”，并且该转介是法院或公安官员的决定，而不是自愿的。即使是检察院转介的情况也是如此，在这种情况下，相关个人可以在转介到VETC设施和监禁之间做出“选择”，这意味着安置在VETC是一种替代监禁刑罚的形式。

41、Individuals interviewed by OHCHR who had been placed in VETC facilities described being taken to such facilities, usually by public security officials. The majority of the interviewees who were apprehended between 2017 and 2019 were held at a police station before referral to a VETC facility.They said that they were told that they had to go to a VETC facility and were not given an alternative option. None of the interviewees felt they could challenge the referral process, and none had access to a lawyer prior to being sent to the VETC facility nor at any point during the time they were present there. Several underwent long interrogations in police stations before their eventual placement.

人权高专办采访的被安置在VETC设施中的人称，他们通常被公共安全官员带到此类设施。在2017年至2019年期间被捕的大多数受访者在被转介到VETC设施之前被关押在警察局。他们说，他们被告知必须前往VETC设施，并且没有其他选择。

42、Not a single interviewee said they were able to exit the facility or go home for a visit. At the VETC facilities, all interviewees observed significant security presence and guards armed with guns and/or batons (including electric ones), and mostly wearing police uniforms. Lengths of stays in the VETC facilities varied, but generally interviewees spent between two months and 18 months in the facilities. None of them were informed of the length of their stays when they were taken to the facility. About half of the interviewees reported that they were allowed occasional visits by or phone calls with a relative, although only under close surveillance. The other half had no contact with their family and often their families did not know where they were.

没有一个受访者认为他们可以挑战转介程序，而且在被送往VETC设施之前或在他们在那里的任何时候都没有人可以接触到律师。有几个人在最终被安置之前在警察局接受了长时间的审讯。没有一个受访者说他们能够离开设施或回家探访。在VETC设施中，所有受访者都观察到大量安全人员和配备枪支和/或警棍（包括电棍）的警卫，并且大多穿着警服。在VETC设施中的逗留时间各不相同，但一般受访者在设施中的时间为2个月至18个月。当他们被带到该设施时，没有人被告知他们的逗留时间。大约一半的受访者报告说，他们被允许偶尔拜访亲戚或与亲戚打电话，尽管只是在密切监视下。另一半与他们的家人没有联系，他们的家人往往不知道他们在哪里。

43、Chinese Government-affiliated media has regularly disseminated promotional videos about VETC facilities. Those interviewed in such videos either welcomed their stays or said that it had helped them from being drawn to terrorism or “extremism”. Those interviewed by OHCHR, in contrast, said they were explicitly told by guards to be positive about their experience in the facility when outsiders or family members would visit. One interviewee, for example, reported that ahead of a visit by a foreign delegation they were told to say that “everything was fine”, that they could return home every night, that they were studying and that the food was acceptable. Moreover, some interviewees reported being explicitly prohibited to disclose any information about the facility once released, with some having to sign a document to this effect.

中国政府附属媒体定期发布有关VETC设施的宣传视频。接受此类视频采访的人要么对他们的逗留表示欢迎，要么表示这有助于他们避免被恐怖主义或“极端主义”所吸引。相比之下，接受人权高专办采访的人则表示，当外人或家人来访时，警卫明确告诉他们要对他们在设施中的经历持积极态度。例如，一位受访者报告说，在外国代表团访问之前，他们被告知“一切都很好”，他们可以每天晚上回家，他们正在学习，而且食物可以接受。此外，一些受访者报告说，一旦发布，就明确禁止透露有关该设施的任何信息，有些人必须为此签署文件。

44. The Government has claimed that “attendees are free to join or quit programs at any time”. Consistent accounts obtained by OHCHR, however, indicate a lack of free and informed consent to being placed in the centres; that it is impossible for an individual detained in such a heavily guarded centre to leave of their own free will; and that a stay in a VETC facility is, from the concerned individual's perspective, of indefinite nature, the end of which is only determined by meeting undefined criteria as evaluated by the authorities. As such, given that placement in the VETC facilities is not voluntary and the individuals placed in such centres appear to have had no choice, placements in VETC facilities amount to a form of deprivation of liberty.

政府声称“参与者可以随时自由加入或退出计划”。一致的说法然而，人权高专办获得的信息表明，对被安置在这些中心缺乏自由和知情的同意；被关押在如此戒备森严的中心的个人不可能自愿离开；并且从相关个人的角度来看，在VETC设施中的逗留是无限期的，其结束只能通过满足当局评估的未定义标准来确定。因此，鉴于安置在VETC设施中不是自愿的，并且安置在此类中心的个人似乎别无选择，安置在VETC设施中相当于剥夺自由的一种形式。

45、International human rights law requires deprivations of liberty not to be arbitrary. The prohibition of arbitrary detention, enshrined in articles 9 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, is both a norm of customary international law and peremptory norm of international law. As the UN Human Rights Committee, monitoring the implementation of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, has explained in authoritative guidance, the notion of “arbitrariness” is not to be equated with “against the law”: an arrest or detention may be authorized by domestic law and nonetheless be arbitrary, when there are elements of inappropriateness, injustice, lack of predictability and due process of law, as well as lack of elements of reasonableness, necessity and proportionality. In the same vein, the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention that assesses complaints of arbitrary detention from individual complainants in member states, for its part, considers a deprivation of liberty arbitrary when it is clearly impossible to invoke any legal basis justifying the deprivation of liberty, including cases of deprivation of liberty in the absence of any legislative provision, as well as in cases of grave non-observance of the international norms relating to the right to a fair trial. Such protections include the right to be informed of one’s rights and the reasons for arrest, and to have sufficient access to lawyers and family members. Under international human rights law, a detention is also arbitrary when used in response to the legitimate exercise of human rights, such as the exercise of the rights to freedom of opinion or expression, freedom to leave one’s own country, freedom of religion, and the right of minorities to enjoy their own culture, profess their own religion or use their own language.

国际人权法要求剥夺自由不能是任意的。《世界人权宣言》和《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第九条规定的禁止任意拘留既是习惯国际法规范，也是国际法强制性规范。正如监督《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》执行情况的联合国人权委员会在权威指南中解释的那样，“任意性”的概念不应等同于“违法”：逮捕或拘留可能是当存在不适当、不公正、缺乏可预测性和正当法律程序的要素，以及缺乏合理性、必要性和相称性要素时，则为国内法授权，但仍具有任意性。同样，评估成员国个人申诉人对任意拘留的申诉的联合国任意拘留问题工作组认为，如果显然无法援引任何法律依据证明剥夺自由是正当的，则剥夺自由是任意的。包括在没有任何立法规定的情况下剥夺自由的情况，以及严重不遵守与公平审判权有关的国际规范的情况。此类保护包括被告知自己的权利和被捕原因的权利，以及充分接触律师和家人的权利。根据国际人权法，为回应合法行使人权，如行使见解或言论自由、离开自己国家的自由、宗教自由和少数群体享有自己的文化、信奉自己的宗教或使用自己的语言的权利。

46. Several key features of the VETC system raise concern from this perspective. Firstly, deprivations of liberty in residential facilities appear to have been without any apparent legal basis for a considerable period. The Xinjiang Implementing Measures for the P.R.C. Counter- Terrorism Law (“ XIM”) and the XUAR Regulation on De-extremification (“XRD”) were amended in October 2018 to authorize the establishment of the VETCs and the referral of individuals for residential programmes, although the wave of referrals to VETCs had already commenced well prior, from April 2017. Further, as discussed above, the XIM and XRD are vague in scope, vulnerable to overly broad interpretations, and therefore arbitrary and discriminatory application.

从这个角度来看，VETC系统的几个关键特性引起了人们的关注。首先，在相当长的一段时间内，在住宅设施中剥夺自由似乎没有任何明显的法律依据。中华人民共和国新疆实施办法反恐怖主义法（XIM）和新疆维吾尔自治区去极端化条例（XRD）于2018年10月进行了修订，以授权建立VETC和转介个人参加住宅项目，尽管转介到 VETC 的浪潮早在2017年4月就已经开始了。

46、Secondly, as described above, the grounds on which individuals can be referred to and placed in VETCs encompass conduct that is prima facie lawful, including as an expression or manifestation of the exercise of fundamental rights and freedoms. Various innocuous reasons for referral to a VETC are described in the so-called “Karakax list”, a document which is in the public domain appearing to be a Government document possibly from 2019 and highly likely to be authentic. This list, consisting of a spreadsheet with information about Uyghur “trainees” in VETC facilities in one specific district in XUAR, includes 311 individuals and the reasons for their referral. These reasons include having too many children, being an “unsafe person,” being born in certain years, being an ex-convict, wearing a veil or beard, having applied for a passport and not having left the country, and so on. Similar reasons for referral were reported to OHCHR by former detainees, who described referral to VETC facilities for travelling or for having foreign connections, attempting to cancel their Chinese citizenship, possessing dual registration in a neighbouring country, or for having downloaded WhatsApp. Others were simply told that they were on a list or that a quota had to be fulfilled. Due to the subjective means by which assessments appear to be conducted, the risk of arbitrary detention of persons in VETC facilities is acute.

此外，如上所述，XIM和XRD的范围很模糊，容易受到过于宽泛的解释，因此具有任意和歧视性的应用。其次，如上所述，个人可以依据的理由被提及和置于VETC中的行为包括表面上合法的行为，包括作为行使基本权利和自由的表达或表现。所谓的“Karakax清单”中描述了转介到VETC的各种无害原因，该文件属于公共领域，可能是2019年的政府文件，极有可能是真实的。这份清单由一份电子表格组成，其中包含新疆维吾尔自治区一个特定地区VETC设施中维吾尔“学员”的信息，其中包括311人及其转诊原因。这些原因包括孩子太多、“不安全的人”、出生在特定年份、前罪犯、戴面纱或胡须、已申请护照但没有离开该国，等等。前被拘留者向人权高专办报告了类似的转介原因，他们描述了被转介到VETC设施的原因是旅行或有外国联系、试图取消其中国公民身份、在邻国拥有双重注册或下载了WhatsApp。其他人只是被告知他们在名单上或必须完成配额。由于评估似乎采用主观方式，在 VETC设施中任意拘留人员的风险非常高。

48. Thirdly, placements in VETCs appear to lack the process due in any context of detention, effectively depriving concerned individuals of the safeguards and protections that must accompany detentions as a matter of international law. Detainees do not appear to have access to lawyers or to be informed of the duration for their placement or the criteria for release, which are not spelled out in the law. Persons with which OHCHR spoke described some form of process, often shortly before their release, at which they were “informed” of their wrongdoing , of the authorities' leniency in their case and of their sentencing to a prison term that subsequently seemed to have been waived (as evidenced by their release). These accounts comport and align with other indications that, around October 2018, there was an attempt to retroactively “regularize” the status of people in the VETC facilities. As explained above, on 9 October 2018, XUAR laws were amended to explicitly authorize their establishme nt and use. In a video published on 16 October 2018, the Government also referred to “twice inform and once announce” sessions, a quasi-legal process in which the authorities inform the person and their family about the nature of their involvement in terrorist activities, further inform them about the nature of their involvement in “extremist” activities, and thereupon announce the Government's policy of showing leniency in accordance with the law. One interviewee described his experience as follows: “I was not told what I was there for and how long I would be there. I was asked to confess a crime, but I did not know what I was supposed to confess to.”

第三，在VETC中的安置似乎缺乏在任何拘留情况下应有的程序，实际上剥夺了有关个人根据国际法必须伴随拘留的保障和保护。被拘留者似乎无法接触律师，也无法获知他们的安置期限或释放标准，这些都没有在法律中明确规定。人权高专办与之交谈的人描述了某种形式的程序，通常是在他们获释前不久，他们被“告知”他们的不当行为、当局对其案件的宽大处理以及他们随后似乎已被判处有期徒刑的情况。放弃（如他们的释放所证明）。这些账户与其他迹象一致，即在2018年10月左右，有人试图追溯“规范”VETC设施中人员的身份。如上所述，2018年10月9日，新疆维吾尔自治区法律进行了修订，明确授权其建立和使用。在2018年10月16日发布的一段视频中，政府还提到了“两次通知一次宣布”会议，这是一种准法律程序，当局在该程序中告知个人及其家人他们参与恐怖活动的性质，进一步告知其参与“极端主义”活动的性质，并随即宣布政府依法从宽的政策。一位受访者描述了他的经历：“我没有被告知我在那里的目的和时间会在那里。我被要求认罪，但我不知道我应该向什么认罪。”

49、A number of interviewees described being “sentenced” in the VETC facility, and some described being brought to the “court” in groups. No lawyers were present at these sessions and persons interviewed reported being required to “choose” their offences from a list of some 75 or 72 “crimes”. Such proceedings – in many cases taking place after months of detention – suggest that the criminal and administrative tracks to address allegations of “extremism” and “terrorism” offences have in practice often been intertwined, with criminal proceedings apparently being used to pressure people into accepting a referral to a VETC facility, to retroactively justify such referrals, or to curtail and control people post-release through a provisional release order that can be revoked. In essence, the combination of these processes provides officials with effective power of extraordinary breadth to subject individuals to deprivation of liberty and to return them thereto after release.

许多受访者描述在VETC设施中被“判刑”，一些人描述被集体带到“法庭”。在这些会议上没有律师在场，受访者报告说被要求从大约75或72项“罪行”清单中“选择”他们的罪行。此类诉讼——在许多情况下是在拘留数月后进行的——表明处理“极端主义”和“恐怖主义”罪行指控的刑事和行政途径在实践中经常交织在一起，刑事诉讼显然被用来迫使人们接受转介到VETC设施，以追溯证明此类转介的合理性，或通过可撤销的临时释放令限制和控制释放后的人员。从本质上讲，这些过程的结合为官员提供了非常广泛的有效权力，可以剥夺个人的自由并在释放后将其送回。

50、Fourthly, the nature and functional purpose of the educational programmes in VETC facilities also pose concern given their orientation towards political re-education. The XIM states that the purpose of the VETCs is to both educate and rehabilitate people who have been influenced by “extremism”, including in “occupational skills education and training centres and other education and transformation establishments”. The Government’s White Paper on “Vocational Education and Training in Xinjiang” states that the VETCs “deliver a curriculum that includes standard spoken and written Chinese, understanding of the law, vocational skills, and deradicalization.” In its examination of China under the Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 (No. 111) and the Employment Policy Convention, 1964 (No. 122), the ILO Committee of Experts on the Enforcement and Application of Standards expressed concern that the vocational training policy was “at least in part carried out in high-security and high surveillance settings” and requested the Government to re-orient the mandate of vocational training and education centres “from political re-education based on administrative detention towards the broader purposes of the Convention”, namely full, productive and freely chosen employment. OHCHR requested but did not receive from the Government information on the curriculum and skills recognition system in the centres. First-hand accounts to OHCHR, however, revealed a strong emphasis on “political teachings” and rehabilitation based on self-criticism. Such coercive administrative measures are considered “inherently arbitrary” by the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention.

第四，VETC设施中教育项目的性质和功能目的也引起了人们的关注，因为它们面向政治再教育。XIM 指出，VETC的目的是教育和康复受“极端主义”影响的人，包括“职业技能教育和培训中心以及其他教育和转型机构”。政府关于“新疆职业教育与培训”的白皮书指出，职业技术培训中心“提供的课程包括普通话和书面语、法律知识、职业技能和去极端化。”在根据1958年（就业和职业）歧视公约（第111号）和1964年就业政策公约（第122号）对中国进行审查时，国际劳工组织标准执行和应用专家委员会对职业培训政策“至少部分在高度安全和高度监视的环境中实施”，并要求政府重新定位职业培训和教育中心的任务，“从基于行政拘留的政治再教育转向更广泛的目的公约”，即充分、生产性和自由选择的就业。人权高专办要求政府提供有关中心课程和技能认可系统的信息，但没有收到。然而，对人权高专办的第一手资料显示，他们非常强调“政治教义”和基于自我批评的康复。联合国任意拘留问题工作组认为此类强制性行政措施“本质上是任意的”。

51、Finally, considering that the criteria for referral to VETC facilities are in large measure based on forms of ethnic, religious and cultural identity and expression, there is a significant concern that deprivations of liberty in VETC facilities are applied discriminatorily, which compounds the arbitrary character of detention in the centres.

最后，考虑到转介到VETC设施的标准在很大程度上是基于种族、宗教和文化身份和表达形式的，人们非常担心VETC设施中的剥夺自由被歧视性地适用，这加剧了拘留中心。

52. The Government has not released official data about the number of individuals who have undergone re-education in VETCs. In 2018, the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination noted that “estimates of the number of people detained range from tens of thousands to over a million”, and called on the Government to provide statistics for the past five years. In response, the Government asserted that it was not possible to state the number of those taking part in education and training, because it “is dynamic, as people are continuously coming and going,” a position it has maintained since.

政府尚未公布有关在VETC接受再教育的人数的官方数据。2018年，联合国消除种族歧视委员会指出，“据估计，被拘留的人数从几万人到超过一百万人不等”，并呼吁政府提供过去五年的统计数据。政府声称无法说明参加教育和培训的人数，因为它“是动态的，因为人们不断地来来往往”，此后一直保持这一立场。

53、Various official Government documents and statements, however, give indication as to the scale of the programme. The 2019 White Paper on “Vocational Training and Education in Xinjiang” suggests that it was intended not just for isolated cases, but for “many people”. Moreover, some Government documents and statements, predating 2017, provide insight into the authorities’ perception of the “extremist” threat in XUAR and corresponding needs for “education”, which further suggest the potential of impacting significant proportions of the relevant population in XUAR.Additionally, Government documents that are in the public domain and appear credible refer not only to the existence of VETC facilities across the geographic span of XUAR, but indicate a large-scale bureaucracy and methodology is in place for their operation and implementation. Available satellite imagery from public sources similarly provide indications of many structures with security features such as high walls, watch towers, and barbed-wired external and internal fencing, which appear to have been established or expanded across XUAR, since 2016, concurrent with the “Strike Hard” campaign.

然而，政府的各种官方文件和声明都表明了该计划的规模。2019年《新疆职业培训与教育》白皮书表明，它不仅针对孤立案例，还针对“多人”。此外，2017年之前的一些政府文件和声明提供了有关当局对新疆“极端主义”威胁的看法以及对“教育”的相应需求的洞察，这进一步表明可能影响到新疆相当大比例的相关人口。此外，公有领域且看起来可信的政府文件不仅提到了新疆维吾尔自治区地理范围内VETC设施的存在，而且表明其运作和实施具有大规模的官僚机构和方法。来自公共来源的可用卫星图像同样提供了许多具有安全特征的结构的迹象，例如高墙、瞭望塔以及带刺的外部和内部围栏，自2016年以来似乎已经在新疆建立或扩展了这些结构，同时“严打”运动。

54、Individuals with direct knowledge and personal experience of detention in VETC facilities told OHCHR that they had been held alongside many others and that they personally knew numerous other relatives and friends placed in VETC facilities. As one person described it, “every neighbour had someone in the camps or ‘taken to study’, as they call it.” Individuals interviewed by OHCHR were held in VETC facilities in at least eight different geographic locations spread across XUAR.

直接了解和亲身经历过VETC设施拘留的个人告诉人权高专办，他们曾与许多其他人一起被关押，并且他们个人认识许多其他被安置在VETC设施中的亲戚和朋友。正如一个人所描述的那样，“每个邻居都有人在营地里，或者他们称之为‘被带去学习’。”人权高专办采访的个人被关押在新疆维吾尔自治区至少八个不同地理位置的VETC设施中。

55、In the absence of officially available data, other researchers have drawn on a combination of sources and data points to assess and estimate the extent of the affected population. These include documents that appear to be official, tender notices, and satellite imagery, shedding light on the scale of detention in VETC facilities. Some analysis is also based on documents that appear to provide information about the detention status of residents from various prefectures and counties in XUAR. Based on the methodology employed, it has been estimated that around 10-20 per cent of the adult “ethnic population” in these counties and townships were subjected to some form of detention between 2017 and 2018. 

在没有官方可用数据的情况下，其他研究人员利用来源和数据点的组合来评估和估计受影响人口的范围.这些包括看似正式的文件、招标通知和卫星图像，揭示了VETC设施的拘留规模。一些分析还基于似乎提供有关新疆各州和县居民被拘留状况信息的文件。根据所采用的方法，据估计，在2017年至2018年期间，这些县和乡镇约有10%至20%的成年“少数民族人口”受到某种形式的拘留。

56. On the basis of the information currently before it, OHCHR is not in a position to confirm estimates of total numbers of individuals affected by the VETC system. Cumulatively, however, these different sources of information support a conclusion that the system of VETC facilities was intended and operated on a wide scale spanning the geographic entirety of the region. In the absence of plausible information indicating the contrary, and while a specific number of detainees in VETC facilities cannot be confirmed, a reasonable conclusion can be drawn from the available information that the number of individuals in the VETCs, at least between 2017 and 2019, was very significant, comprising a substantial proportion of the Uyghur and other predominantly Muslim minority populations.

根据目前掌握的信息，人权高专办无法确认对受VETC系统影响的个人总数的估计。然而，总的来说，这些不同的信息来源支持了这样一个结论，即VETC设施系统的目的是在整个地区的地理范围内广泛运行。在没有表明相反的可信信息的情况下，虽然无法确认VETC设施中被拘留者的具体人数，但可以从现有信息中得出合理的结论，即至少在2017年至2019年之间，VETC中的个人人数是非常重要，占维吾尔族和其他以穆斯林为主的少数民族人口的很大一部分。

57、In summary, based on the information reviewed, it is reasonable to conclude that a pattern of large-scale arbitrary detention occurred in VETC facilities, at least during 2017 to 2019, affecting a significant proportion of the Uyghur and other predominantly Muslim ethnic minority community in XUAR. The Government has indicated that VETC facilities are now closed and that all “trainees have graduated”, thereby suggesting that these facilities may no longer be in use. OHCHR is not in a position to confirm this, which is primarily due to the lack of relevant official or other information since the end of 2019 and access for on-the-ground verification. Regardless, considerable concerns remain, most notably due to the fact that the legal and policy framework that underpins the operation of the VETC system remains in place and, to the extent not currently employed, could be re- engaged at any point.

总之，根据所审查的信息，有理由得出结论，至少在2017年至2019年期间，VETC设施中发生了大规模任意拘留的模式，影响了新疆维吾尔族和其他以穆斯林为主的少数民族社区的很大一部分。政府表示，VETC设施现已关闭，所有“学员都已毕业”，因此表明这些设施可能不再使用。人权高专办无法证实这一点，这主要是由于自2019年底以来缺乏相关的官方或其他信息以及无法进行实地核查。无论如何，仍然存在相当大的担忧，最明显的是，支持VETC系统运行的法律和政策框架仍然存在，并且在目前未采用的范围内，可以随时重新使用。

B、Detention through the criminal justice system

通过刑事司法系统拘留

58、Alongside the mass referral of individuals to VETC facilities, there appears to have been a marked increase in criminal arrests, convictions, and imposition of lengthy prison sentences in XUAR.

除了将个人大规模转介到VETC设施外，新疆维吾尔自治区的刑事逮捕、定罪和长期监禁的案件似乎也显着增加。

59、Government information indicates an increase in criminal cases in 2018, amounting to a 25.1 per cent increase over the average amount in the preceding five years. Similarly, in 2019, the figure was 19.2 per cent higher than the average of the preceding five years.OHCHR notes that China has in general a 99.9 per cent conviction rate in criminal cases.The Government has stated that in many counties the proportion of defendants of ethnic minorities in criminal convictions is lower than the proportion of ethnic minorities in the total population of that region, without providing disaggregated data for the proportion of ethnic minorities convicted for terrorism or state security related crimes.

政府信息显示，2018年刑事案件有所增加，比前五年的平均水平增加了25.1%。同样，在2019年，这一数字比前五年的平均水平高出19.2%。人权高专办指出，中国的刑事案件定罪率总体上达到99.9%。政府表示，在许多国家，被告人的比例少数民族在刑事定罪中的比例低于该地区少数民族在该地区总人口中的比例，没有提供少数民族因恐怖主义或国家安全相关犯罪被定罪的比例的分类数据。

60. The Government has stated that between 2013 and 2017, the XUAR courts completed 297,000 criminal cases. Based on official statistics, it would appear that the bulk of these cases were completed in 2017. According to the Government's information, the number of detainees in public security agencies in XUAR increased by 35 per cent in 2017 and by about eight per cent in 2018 year on year.

政府表示，2013年至2017年，新疆法院共审结刑事案件29.7万件。根据官方统计，这些案件似乎大部分是在2017年结案的。根据政府提供的信息，公安机关在押人员的数量新疆维吾尔自治区的代理机构在2017年同比增长35%，在2018年同比增长约8%。

61、Another change in 2017 was the increase in the number of people given sentences of five years or longer. Prior to 2017, approximately 10.8 per cent of the total number of people sentenced in XUAR received sentences of over five years. In 2017, that figure rose to 87 per cent of the sentences. According to official Government statistics, during 2017 alone, XUAR courts sentenced 86,655 defendants, or 10 times more than in the previous year, to prison terms of five years or longer, although again it is not possible to disaggregate the number charged and convicted for terrorism or “extremism”-related offences.

2017年的另一个变化是被判处五年或更长刑期的人数增加。2017年之前，在新疆被判刑的总人数中，约有10.8% 的人被判处5年以上徒刑。2017年，这一数字上升到刑期的87%。根据政府官方统计，仅在2017年期间，新疆法院就判处86655名被告人，是上一年的10倍，判处5年或更长的徒刑，但同样无法分清因恐怖主义被指控和定罪的人数或“极端主义”相关的罪行。

62、Data remains incomplete and similar data for 2020 and beyond has not been made available. This makes it difficult to consider these statistics in the context of a longer timeframe, determining whether it may have been a spike or part of a larger trend, and whether increased convictions disproportionally affect specific groups of the population. However, even if the spike in 2017-2018 was short term, it necessarily implies a significantly increased prison population in Xinjiang persisting today as sentences continue to be served. In a statement of April 2021, the Government confirmed that almost one-third of 10,708 entries in the “Xinjiang Data Project”, “Xinjiang Victims Database” and “Uyghur Transitional Justice Database”, civil society-run platforms used primarily by family members seeking information on the whereabouts of loved ones in XUAR, pertain to criminal convicts serving sentences “for crimes of violent terrorism and criminal offences”.

数据仍然不完整，2020年及以后的类似数据尚未提供。这使得很难在更长的时间范围内考虑这些统计数据，确定它可能是一个高峰还是更大趋势的一部分，以及增加的定罪是否不成比例地影响特定的人口群体。然而，即使2017-2018年的高峰是短期的，也必然意味着新疆监狱人口的显着增加持续到今天，因为刑期仍在继续。在2021年4月的一份声明中，政府证实，在“新疆数据项目”“新疆受害者数据库”和“维吾尔过渡司法数据库”的10708个条目中，近三分之一是民间社会运营的平台，主要供寻求有关新疆亲人下落的信息，涉及“因暴力恐怖主义罪和刑事犯罪”服刑的刑事罪犯。

63、Furthermore, the new construction or expansion of buildings, with high security features, especially after 2019, visible through public source satellite imagery (Google Earth), appears to suggest an increase in detention facilities being established likely to accommodate corresponding increases in detainees, both pre-trial and following conviction. At the same time, existing prisons have been expanded in numerous locations. By way of illustrative example, the Urumqi No.3 Detention Centre in Dabancheng has increased considerably in size from 2018 to 2020, with the number of buildings on the compound increased from 40 in 2018 to 68 in 2019 and 92 in 2020.

此外，通过公共资源卫星图像（谷歌地球）可见，具有高度安全功能的建筑物的新建或扩建，尤其是2019 年之后，似乎表明正在建立的拘留设施可能会增加被拘留者的数量，这两者都是-审判和定罪。与此同时，现有监狱已在许多地方扩建。举例来说，达坂城乌鲁木齐第三看守所的规模从2018年到2020年大幅增加，院内建筑数量从2018年的40栋增加到2019年的68栋和2020年的92栋。

64、OHCHR examined a cross-sample of available judicial decisions in cases alleging terrorism or “extremism” with respect to defendants from ethnic communities in XUAR in the period 2014-2019. The number of publicly available and relevant court decisions is limited and may not necessarily be representative of the totality of judicial practice, but those that are available provide important insights into the way the judiciary has interpreted acts of religious “extremism”. These include relatively minor infractions apparently punished severely; judgments referring to conduct being “extremist” despite none of the formal charges being related to terrorism or “extremism”; courts labelling acts as “extremist” without explaining how they fulfilled the applicable legal definition(s); the apparent targeting of underlying religious behaviour rather than the actual act for which the person is being prosecuted; and indications of an approach that considers any type of violation of law committed by a Muslim person as presumptively “extremist”.

人权高专办审查了2014年至2019年期间新疆少数民族社区被告涉嫌恐怖主义或“极端主义”的案件中可用的司法裁决的交叉样本。公开的相关法院判决数量有限，不一定能代表整个司法实践，但现有的判决为司法部门解释宗教“极端主义”行为的方式提供了重要见解。其中包括明显受到严厉惩罚的相对轻微的违规行为；尽管没有任何正式指控与恐怖主义或“极端主义”有关，但仍将行为称为“极端主义”的判决；法院将行为标记为“极端分子”，但没有解释他们如何满足适用的法律定义；明显针对潜在的宗教行为，而不是该人被起诉的实际行为；以及将穆斯林人犯下的任何类型的违法行为视为推定为“极端主义”的做法的迹象。

65. OHCHR also reviewed numerous reporting and data documenting the arrest and imprisonment, often on lengthy custodial sentences, of prominent scholars, artists and intellectuals from the Uyghur community, including during the “Strike Hard” period. Several such cases have been taken up by UN human rights mechanisms. Beyond the general human rights concerns already identified, criminal prosecution and detention of such individuals has a broader deleterious effect on the life of their community.

人权高专办还审查了许多报告和数据，这些报告和数据记录了维吾尔社区著名学者、艺术家和知识分子被逮捕和监禁的情况，通常是长期监禁，包括在“严打”时期。联合国人权机制已受理了几起此类案件。除了已经确定的一般人权问题之外，对此类个人的刑事起诉和拘留对其社区生活具有更广泛的有害影响。

66、This information is complemented by first-hand accounts gathered by OHCHR from overseas family members of Uyghurs and Kazakhs who are serving lengthy custodial sentences for alleged terrorism and “extremism” related offences. Their accounts provide further insight into how religious behaviour and/or perceived “terrorist” activities, such as travelling abroad or sending funds overseas, have been heavily criminalised and punished in XUAR.

人权高专办从维吾尔人和哈萨克人的海外家庭成员那里收集到的第一手资料补充了这些信息，这些人因涉嫌恐怖主义和“极端主义”相关罪行而正在服长期监禁。

67、While a specific determination of the extent to which the dramatic increase in incarceration rates over recent years has resulted in arbitrary detention is not possible based on the information available at this stage, the information reviewed by OHCHR raises wider concerns. This is in the context of how a criminal justice system, marked by overly broad and vague definitions of crimes, limits on due process rights and lack of judicial independence, may be leading to broader patterns of arbitrary deprivation of liberty in the context of the criminal justice system.

他们的叙述进一步揭示了宗教行为和/或被认为是“恐怖主义”活动，例如出国旅行或向海外汇款，在新疆如何被严重定罪和惩罚。同时具体确定了监禁急剧增加的程度根据现阶段可获得的信息，最近几年的比率导致任意拘留是不可能的，人权高专办审查的信息引起了更广泛的关注。这是在刑事司法系统的背景下，其特点是对罪行的定义过于宽泛和模糊，对正当程序权利的限制和缺乏司法独立性，可能会导致在刑事犯罪背景下司法系统更广泛的任意剥夺自由模式。

68、In summary, the trend of increased number and length of imprisonments through the criminal justice system in XUAR strongly suggests there has been a shift towards formal incarcerations as the principal means for large-scale imprisonment and deprivation of liberty. This is of particular concern given the vague and capacious definitions of terrorism, “extremism” and public security related offences under domestic criminal law, that may lead to criminal prosecutions and the imposition of lengthy custodial sentences, including for minor offences or for engaging in conduct protected by international human rights law.

总之，新疆刑事司法系统监禁的数量和时间增加的趋势强烈表明，正式监禁已成为大规模监禁和剥夺自由的主要手段。鉴于国内刑法对恐怖主义、“极端主义”和与公共安全有关的犯罪的定义模糊而宽泛，这尤其令人担忧，这可能导致刑事起诉和判处长期监禁，包括对轻微犯罪或从事行为受国际人权法保护。