1946年《远东国际军事法庭判决书》

by 阮一峰

                                               

今天，我非常震惊地发现，1946年《远东国际军事法庭判决书》（InternationalMilitary Tribunal for the Far East Judgment）网上居然有英语全文，那可是1500页的文件啊。
我从不知道，这么重要的第二次世界大战的文件，网上居然可以轻易找到！国内媒体好像从来没有宣传过这件事。我查了国家图书馆的数据库，发现这个文件很可能没有出版过中译本。我不知道台湾是否出过中译本，当年南京政府应该有中文版的。
我对这个事情很不理解。
这是第一手的历史原件，历史价值就不用说了，对于爱国主义教育和揭露日本军国主义的罪行，都有巨大的价值。可是，为什么大家都不知道呢？这是公共领域的材料，没有版权，任何人都可以自由使用。可是，为什么最应该用的人却不用呢？我不知道，这是有意的还是无意的，反正两者都一样可悲。
尤其令人感慨的是，最后它们是由一个美国人放到网上，供全世界浏览。谢谢你，Patrick Clancey先生。
我初步看了一下，《判决书》的第五章《日本侵略中国》（Japanese Aggression AgainstChina）和第八章《战争罪行》（Conventional WarCrimes）与中国直接相关，我希望它们能够被全部翻译成中文。
下面是晚饭后我自己翻译的关于《南京大屠杀》的那一节，让我们看看原始材料是怎么说的。
当我翻译完的时候，我不由想到了一本书中的一句话：“历史的一页是用鲜血写成，它可以被翻过去，但是不能够被忘记。”

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The Rape of Nanking
南京大屠杀
原载《远东国际军事法庭判决书》1011-1019 页
阮一峰 译
As the Central China Expeditionary Force under command of MATSUIapproached the city of Nanking in early December 1937, overone-half of its one million inhabitants and all but a few neutralswho remained behind to organize an International Safety Zone, fledfrom the city. the Chinese Army retreated, leaving approximately50,000 troops behind to defend the city.
1937年12月初，根据松井石根的命令，日军“华中方面军”准备攻打南京。该城100万居民中，有一半以上的居民逃离。所有外国居民也撤出南京，只剩下一些中立国家的人士，他们组织了一个国际安全区。中国军队也撤退了，只留下大约5万人的部队进行防御。
As the Japanese forces stormed the South Gate on the night of 12December 1937, most of the remaining 50,000 troops escaped throughthe North and West Gates of the city.
1937年12月12日夜，日军进攻南门。留守的5万中国军队中的大部分，都从北门和西门逃出了这个城市。
Nearly all the Chinese soldiers had evacuated the city or hadabandoned their arms and uniforms and sought refuge in theInternational Safety Zone, and all resistance had ceased as theJapanese Army entered the city on the morning of 13 December1937.
几乎所有的中国士兵都弃城而逃，或者丢弃了武器和军装，进入国际安全区去寻求庇护。1937年12月13日晨，日军进入南京的时候，一切抵抗活动都已经停止了。
The Japanese soldiers swarmed over the city and committedvarious atrocities. According to one of the eyewitnesses, they werelet loose like a barbarian horde to desecrate the city. It was saidby eyewitnesses that the city appeared to have fallen into thehands of the Japanese as captured prey, that it had not merely beentaken in organized warfare, and that the members of the victoriousJapanese Army had set upon the prize to committee unlimitedviolence.
日军士兵占领了这座城市，犯下各种暴行。根据一个目击者的证词，日军就像一个野蛮人的部落，毫无节制地四处掠夺。目击者说，南京就像落入日军之手的猎物，不仅经受了战火，还经受了日军士兵以取乐和收刮为目的犯下的无数罪行。
Individual soldiers and small groups of two of three roamed overthe city murdering, raping, looting, and burning. there was nodiscipline whatever. Many soldiers were drunk. Solders went throughthe streets indiscriminately killing Chinese men, women andchildren without apparent provocation or excuse until in places thestreets and alleys were littered with the bodies of their victims.According to another witness, Chinese were hunted like rabbits,everyone seen to move was shot. At least 12,000 non-combatantChinese men, women and children met their deaths in theseindiscriminate killings during the first two or three days of theJapanese occupation of the city.
单个的和二三人一组的日军士兵，在城市中出没，到处杀人、强奸、掠夺和焚烧，为所欲为。许多士兵都酩酊大醉。他们在大街上见到中国人就杀，不管是男人、女人或儿童，不需要任何理由和借口。有几条大街和弄堂，遍地都是中国人的尸体。根据另一个目击者的证词，中国人像野兔一样被日军当作猎物射击。只要看见有活动的中国人，他就会被打死。在日军占领南京后的头两三天中，至少有12000名非武装人员的中国男性、女性和儿童，死于日军的屠杀中。
There were many cases of rape. Death was a frequently penaltyfor the slightest resistance on the part of a civtion [sic] or themembers of her family who sought to protect her. Even girls oftender years and old women were raped in large numbers throughoutthe city, and many cases of abnormal and sadistic behaviour inconnection with these rapings occurred. Many women were killedafter the act and their bodies mutilated. Approximately 20,000cases of rape occurred within the city during the first month ofthe occupation.
同时，还发生了许多起强奸。中国女性或者试图保护她的家人，只要稍有反抗，就立刻会被杀死。甚至城中大量未成年的女孩和老年妇女，都被强奸。在强奸过程中，还发生了许多起变态和虐待行为。许多妇女在强奸后被杀，她们的尸体被烧毁。在占领后的第一个月中，大约共发生了20000起强奸。
Japanese soldiers took from the people everything they desired.Soldiers were observed to stop unarmed civilians on the road,search them, and finding nothing of value then to shoot them. Verymany residential and commercial properties were entered and looted.Looted stocks were carried away in trucks. After looting shops andwarehouses, the Japanese soldiers frequently set fire to them.
日军士兵从南京居民手中，夺走任何他们看中的东西。有人看到，日军士兵在路上拦住手无寸铁的平民，进行搜身，如果没发现有价值的东西，日军就会杀死他们。大量的民居和商业用房，都被日军闯入，洗劫一空。抢来的物品装在卡车上运走。在抢劫完毕之后，日军经常会纵火，将房屋付之一炬。
Taiping Road, the most important shopping street, and blockafter block of the commercial section of the city were destroyed byfire. Soldiers burned the homes of civilians for no apparentreason. Such burning appeared to follow a prescribed pattern aftera few days and continued for six weeks. Approximately one-third ofthe city was thus destroyed.
南京最重要的商业街太平路，以及其他的商业区，都被焚毁。日军士兵还无故烧毁平民的住宅。这些纵火行为看上去是奉命行事，持续了6个星期。三分之一的南京因此变成废墟。
Organized and wholesale murder of male civilians was conductedwith the apparent sanction of the commanders on the pretense thatChinese soldiers had removed their uniforms and were mingling withthe population. Groups of Chinese civilians were formed, bound withtheir hands behind their backs, and marched outside the walls ofthe city where they were killed in groups by machine gun fire andwith bayonets. More than 20,000 Chinese men of military age areknown to have died in this fashion.
大批男性南京市民，被有组织的和大规模的杀害，这是日军司令部的指令，借口他们是脱下军装、混入平民的中国士兵。中国平民被分成一组一组，双手绑在背后，押送到城墙边，然后被机关枪和刺刀成批杀害。大约有20000名处在服役年龄的中国男性死于这种方式。
The German Government was informed by its representative about"atrocities and criminal acts not of an individual but of anentire Army, namely, the Japanese," which Army, later in theReport, was qualified as a "bestial machinery."

德国驻中国大使在向德国政府递交的报告中，写道：“暴行和犯罪行为并非单个士兵所为，而是整支军队都参与其中，也就是说，是所有的日本人。”这支军队在后文中被形容为是一部“兽行机器”。
Those outside the city fared little better than those within.Practically the same situation existed in all the communitieswithin 200 li (about 66 miles) of Nanking. The population had fledinto the country-side in an attempt to escape from the Japanesesoldiers. In places they had grouped themselves into fugitivecamps. The Japanese captured many of these camps and visited uponthe fugitives treatment similar to that accorded the inhabitants ofNanking.
南京城外中国人的遭遇，跟城里的一样悲惨。实际上，这种状况在南京周围200里（约66英里）的范围内都存在。城里居民涌向农村，试图躲开日军，有几处自发形成了难民营。日军搜索到了这些难民营，将难民同城里的居民一样对待。
Of the civilians who had fled Nanking, over 57,000 wereovertaken and interned. These were starved and tortured incaptivity until a large number died. Many of the survivors werekilled by machine gun fire and by bayoneting.
在那些逃出南京的平民中，大约有57000人被追上和拘押。这些人中的大部分，最后因为无法忍受饥饿和折磨而死亡。那些侥幸挺过来的人，则会被用机枪和刺刀杀害。
Large parties of Chinese soldiers laid down their arms andsurrendered outside Nanking; within 72 hours after their surrender,they were killed in groups by machine gun fire along the bank ofthe Yangtze River.
大批的中国士兵放下武器，在南京城外投降。在投降的72小时以后，他们被用机关枪在长江边集体杀害。
Over 30,000 such prisoners of war were so killed. There was noteven a pretence of trial of these prisoners so massacred.
大约有30000名战俘这样被杀。甚至都没有进行形式上的审判，大屠杀就开始了。

Estimates made at a later date indicate that the total number ofcivilians and prisoners of war murdered in Nanking and its vicinityduring the first six weeks of the Japanese occupation was over200,000. That these estimates are not exaggerated is borne out bythe fact that burial societies and other organizations counted morethan 155,000 bodies which they buried. They also reported that mostof those were bound with their hands tied behind their backs. Thesefigures do not take into account those persons whose bodies weredestroyed by burning, or by throwing them into the Yangtze River,or otherwise disposed of by Japanese.
根据事后的估计，在日军占领南京后的六周内，在南京及其附近地区，被杀害的平民和战俘总数大约有20万人。这个数字并非出于夸张的想象，而是来自于殡葬行业和其他一些掩埋尸体的组织提供的事实。他们一共埋葬了超过了15.5万具尸体。他们还报告说，大多数尸体的双手都被绑在背后。这个数字还没有包括那些被烧毁的尸体、被投入长江的尸体，以及其他日军自己处置的尸体。
Japanese Embassy officials entered the city of Nanking with theadvance elements of the Army; and on 14 December, an official ofthe Embassy informed the International Committee for the NankingSafety ¸one that the "Army was determined to make it bad forNanking, but that Embassy officials were going to try to moderatethe action." The Embassy officials also informed the membersof the Committee that at the time of the occupation of the city, nomore than 17 military policemen were provided by the Armycommanders to maintain order within the city. When it transpiredthat complaints to the Army officials did not have any result,those Japanese embassy officials suggested to the foreignmissionaries that the latter should try and get publicity in Japan,so that the Japanese Government would be forced by public opinionto curb the Army.
12月14日，日本驻中国大使馆的官员跟随军队进入南京。一个大使馆的官员，对国际安全区的外国人说：“陆军决心惩罚南京，但是大使馆正在设法缓和事态。”这个官员还说，在占领期间，日军会提供最多17名军事警察来维持城市秩序。稍后，国际安全区的外国居民发现，对日军提出的抗议根本不起作用，日本大使馆的官员又建议这些外国人，直接向日本的媒体进行曝光，这样日本政府会被迫根据舆论遏制军队的行为。
Dr. Bates testified that the terror was intense for two andone-half to three weeks, and was serious six to seven weeksfollowing the fall of the city.
Bates博士作证，在南京攻陷后的二至三周内，恐怖行为极其严重，在六至七周内非常严重。
Smythe, the Secretary of the Int. Committee for the Safety Zone,filed two protests a day for the first six weeks.
国际安全区的秘书长Smythe，在头六个星期中，每天都会提出两份抗议书。
MATSUI, who had remained in a rear area until 17 December, madea triumphal entry into the city on that day, and on 18 Decemberheld a religious service for the dead, after which he issued astatement in the course of which he said: "I extend muchsympathy to millions of innocent people in the Kiangpei andChekiang districts, who suffered the evils of war. Now the flag ofthe rising sun is floating high over Nanking, and the Imperial Wayis shining in the southern parts of the Yangtze-Kiang. The dawn ofthe renaissance of the East is on the verge of offering itself. Onthis occasion, I hope for reconsideration of the situation by the400 million people of China." MATSUI remained in the city fornearly a week.

松井石根一直留在后方，直到12月17日才以胜利者的姿态进入南京。12月18日，他主持了一个悼念死者的宗教仪式。随后，他发表了一个声明，他在其中说到：“我对江北和江浙一带的几百万无辜人民，表示极大的同情，他们是战争恶魔的受害者。现在，太阳旗已经飘扬在南京上方，天皇的光辉照耀在长江以南。东亚复兴的黎明即将来到。在此，我希望4亿中国人民对形势能够重新认识。”他在南京停留了将近一个星期。
MUTO, then a colonel, had joined MATSUI's staff on 10November 1937, and was with MATSUI during the drive on Nanking andparticipated in the triumphal entry and occupation of the city.Both he and MATSUI admit that they heard of the atrocities beingcommitted in the city during their stay at rear headquarters afterthe fall of the city. MATSUI admits that he heard that foreigngovernments were protesting against the commission of theseatrocities. No effective action was taken to remedy the situation.Evidence was given before the Tribunal by an eye witness, thatwhile MATSUI was in Nanking on the 19th of December, the businesssection of the city was in flames. On that day, the witness countedfourteen fires in the principal business street zone. After theentry of MATSUI and MUTO into the city, the situation did notimprove for weeks.
日军上校武藤章在1937年11月10月，加入松井石根的幕僚，稍后跟随松井一起进入南京。他们两人都承认，在南京攻陷后，他们在后方司令部，都听说了城中发生的暴行。松井承认，他知道外国政府对这些暴行的抗议。但是，没有采取有效行动去缓和形势。根据目击证人提供的证据，12月19日松井在南京时，城市的商业区正是火光熊熊。当天，目击者一共报告了主要商业区中发生的14起火灾。松井和武藤进入南京后，形势连续几个星期没有任何好转。

Members of the Diplomatic Corps and Press and the JapaneseEmbassy in Nanking sent out reports detailing the atrocities beingcommitted in and around Nanking. The Japanese Minister-at-Large toChina, Ito, Nobofumi, was in Shanghai from September 1937 toFebruary 1938. He received reports from the Japanese Embassy inNanking and from members of the Diplomatic Corps and Pressregarding the conduct of the Japanese troops and sent a resume ofthe reports to the Japanese Foreign Minister, HIROTA. Thesereports, as well as many others giving information of theatrocities committed at Nanking, which were forwarded by members ofthe Japanese diplomatic officials in China, were forwarded byHIROTA to the War Ministry of which UMEZU was Vice-Minister. Theywere discussed at Liaison Conferences, which were normally attendedby the Prime Minister, War and Navy Ministers, Foreign MinisterHIROTA, Finance Minister KAYA, and the Chiefs of the Army and NavyGeneral Staffs.
外国外交官和新闻记者，以及在南京的日本大使馆人员，送出了许多报告，详细描述了南京及其周边地区发生的暴行。日本内阁部长NobofumiIto从1937年9月到1938年2月在上海。他收到了这些关于日军行为的报告，并向外交大臣广田弘毅发出了一份概要。这些报告，以及其他由日本驻中国的外交官收集的关于日军在南京罪行的信息，都由广田弘毅送到了梅津美治郎任副大臣的战争部。它们在内阁会议上得到了讨论，首相、战争大臣和海军大臣、外交大臣、财政大臣、陆军和海军的总司令都应该参加了这个会议。
News reports of the atrocities were widespread. MInAMI, who wasserving as Governor-General of Korea at the time, admits that heread these reports in the Press. Following these unfavorablereports and the pressure of public opinion aroused in nations allover the world, the Japanese GOvernment recalled MATSUI andapproximately 80 of his officers, but took no action to punish anyof them. MATSUI, after his return to Japan on 5 March 1938, wasappointed a Cabinet Councillor and 0n 29 April 1940, was decoratedby the Japanese Government for "meritorious services" inthe China War. MATSUI, in explaining his recall, says that he wasnot replaced by HATA because of the atrocities committed by histroops at Nanking, but because he considered his work ended atNanking and wished to retire from the Army. He was neverpunished.
关于南京的新闻报告被广泛传播。当时担任朝鲜总督的MInAMI，承认他从报纸上读到过这些报道。由于这些不利的报道，以及国际社会中公众舆论的压力，日本政府召回了松井石根，以及大约80个他的部下，但是对他们没有采取任何惩罚措施。1938年3月5日，松井回到了日本。1940年4月29日，被任命为内阁成员，日本政府称赞他在对华战争中“战功卓著”。松井自己解释他被召回的原因，并非因为他的部队在南京犯下的罪行，而是因为他考虑在南京的工作已经结束了，他自己希望从陆军退休。他从没有因此受到过惩罚。

The barbarous behaviour of the Japanese Army cannot be excusedas the acts of a soldiery which had temporarily gotten out of handwhen at last a stubbornly defended position had capitulated --rape, arson and murder continued to be committed on a large scalefor at least six weeks after the city had been taken and for atleast four weeks after MATSUI and MUTO had entered the city.
日军的野兽行为不能被掩饰成，在遭到顽强抵抗后，军人暂时失去控制的行为。因为，在南京被占领后，大量的强奸、纵火和杀戮，持续了至少六周，其中有四周是在松井石根和武藤章进入南京后。
The new Japanese garrison Commander at Nanking, General Amaya,on 5 February 1938, at the Japanese Embassy in Nanking, made astatement to the Foreign diplomatic corps criticizing the attitudeof the foreigners who had been sending abroad reports of Japaneseatrocities at Nanking and upbraiding them for encouraginganti-Japanese feeling. This statement by Amaya reflected theattitude of the Japanese Military toward foreigners in China, whowere hostile to the Japanese policy of waging an unrestrainedpunitive war against the people of China.
1938年2月5日，新任的卫戍司令Amaya将军进入南京，他在南京的日本大使馆向各国外交使团发表演说，批评了那些向国外发出日军罪行报告的外交官，谴责他们这样做会助长反日情绪。Amaya的演说反映了日军对在华外国人的态度。外国人士普遍对日本针对中国人的毫无限制的、惩罚性的战争怀有敌意。
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