美国国庆日为什么定于7月4日?(答案)

作者:Mr.zhu  于 2009-7-4 21:56 发表于 最热闹的华人社交网络--贝壳村

通用分类:其它日志|已有7评论

众所周知,美国《独立宣言》草稿是杰弗逊等人起草的。1776628日,大陆会议(不等于美国国会)任命的一个委员会开会商议该宣言,作了少许修改,并于177672日予以宣布。大陆会议命令所有成员签署该宣言,并于177682日开始签署官方文本。后来(本人还不确知何时),官方177674日定为美国独立日”—美国国庆日。

从上述几个日子看,美国国庆日都与74日无关。更重要的是,100个美国人有99个半都不知道美国国庆日选在74日的来历。

同胞们,你知道美国国庆日为什么是74日吗?

如果你不知道,让我告诉你。

一句话,“美国国庆日”与美洲土著有很大关系。具体情况如下:

世世代代居住在美洲的土著,即西方白人所谓的“印第安人”,是公认的美洲主人。

据考证,公元1100年左右,某些土著部落之间便产生过邦联性社会组织,用以从外部保护邦联的稳固和从内部维护邦联的和平。

根据土著“六国邦联”的传奇故事,该邦联起源于一个土著安“和平缔造者”的旅程。该和平缔造者周游5国(位于现纽约州境内),挨个说服5国人民不再相互争斗,以便共同生活于一个和睦的社会环境中。因为他每到一国都给人们带来了好运,所以5国个土著人都相信他,都同意联合起来。

当来自5国的代表第一次聚会时,代表们都随身携带着武器。“和平缔造者”让所有人都将武器埋到“和平之树”下,然后,他折断一支箭给代表们看,让代表们明白单独一支箭(即一国)多么容易被毁掉;他又将5支箭捆绑到一起,让代表们看捆绑起来的箭支无法折断,从而明白联合起来是多么有力。

5国“邦联宪法”描述的是五国的一整套政治关系。由五国50位议员组成的大议事会是邦联议事和决策的机构。

在公元1390-1450年之间,5国陆续批准了大律法。公元1450年(科伦布到达美洲前42年),北美东北走廊一带(今纽约州境内)的5国成立了一个土著邦联。后来,又有一个土著部落北上加入邦联,形成“六国邦联”。“六国邦联”的章程是“和平大律法”(The Great Law of Peace),邦联的象征符是“和平之树”(The Great Tree of Peace)。

土著“六国邦联”的首要法则是和平。通过对人际关系的有效管理,“六国邦联”非常成功地达成了邦联内部的社会祥和。

根据美洲土著的律法和风俗,“六国邦联”的社会权力集中到一个社会中心;领导者被人民视作公仆,人民可以弹劾不合格的领导者;人民享有充分的生存权、自由权、财产权和充分言论表达权;妇女享有与男人相同的社会权力;财富在所有人(包括妇女)中间相对平均地分配,社会内部不存在生产资料私有制和与私有制相应的两极分化问题;军事与民事分开,民事(内部)问题不通过军事(对外)手段解决;尊重所有信仰;等等。总之,土著邦联的社会发展模式与西方文明建立在私有制基础上通过扩张求发展的丛林法则模式完全不同。

哥伦布发现美洲之后,白人殖民者纷至沓来,南、北美大陆各地的土著人与白人殖民者们的交往越来越深广。善良的土著人不仅无私地帮助白人殖民者先驱们在新大陆安家立业,而且用自身平和的社会发展模式为初来乍到的白人殖民者们指出了一条有别于其宗主国的社会发展道路。

“六国邦联”的社会理念及其真功实效也越来越令美国开国元勋中的“文胆”们(富兰克林、亚当斯、杰佛逊、潘恩、麦迪逊等)关注甚至钦羡。

富兰克林不仅仔细观察和密切关注“六国邦联”的成就,而且利用其印刷业主之便广为宣传。他从1736年起在自己开办的报纸“宾夕法尼亚公告”(是各个殖民地首屈一指的报纸)上详细报道历次各殖民地与“六国邦联”之间的“印第安人条约议事会”的进展情况。

174474日举行的“印第安人条约议事会”上,著明的“六国邦联”发言人坎纳沙提勾(Canasatego)向白人殖民者们建议组成殖民地联盟。他在会上慷慨激昂地宣讲道:“我们睿智的先人建立了邦联。这使得我们5国团结在一起,使得我们有能力和有权威处理与邻国的关系。我们是一个强大有力的邦联。如果你们(各个殖民地)采用与我们先人一样的办法,你们将会得到和我们一样的力量与权力。结果,无论何事发生,你们(各个殖民地)之间都不会孤立无援。”

 据载,坎纳沙提勾高大健壮,声若洪钟,庄重威严,当他大步走进会场时,众人马上鸦雀无声。在白人的款待下,坎那沙提勾已经好上了白人酿制的朗姆酒,借着酒劲儿发表的直率建议显然产生了振聋发聩的效果。只因当时各个殖民地均羽翼未丰,正乖乖地作为大英帝国的13个乖儿子而接受大英帝国的庇护,哪敢立即明目张胆地接受土著人的美意。

1753年,富兰克林作为殖民地的理事之一参加了与印第安人“六国邦联”的会议,并签订条约支持印第安人邦联抵御法国联手其他印第安人部落的侵扰。该次会议开启了富兰克林的外交官生涯。

富兰克林根据自己的亲身经历来这样描述印第安人议事会议:“因为经常举行公开议事会,所以印第安人有一整套有效的议事规矩。老者坐前排,勇士其次,妇女和儿童最后。妇女的职责是准确记住会议进程,完整地传达给儿童。印第安人没有文字,儿童成了议事会的记忆者。发言的人站起来,其余的人则凝神地听。当该人发言完毕,其余的人留给他5分钟左右的时间,供该人补充发言中的遗漏。发言的人可以再站起来,表达看法。这与英国议会下院混乱不堪以至于议长要撕声叫嚷‘秩序’是多么不同。” 正因为富兰克林对印第安人邦联的长处认识最深,所以变成了殖民地联盟和后来邦联制政府的首要积极倡导者。

富兰克林在给好朋友的信中写道:“傲慢自大的野蛮人印第安人‘六国邦联’尚且能够组织一个联盟,长期管理自己,而且没有分裂迹象,而我们10个或者12个殖民地不能形成一个联盟就是一件很奇怪的事情。”(笔者注:请注意富兰克林在公开和私下的两种不同语气,对比今天西方国家中某些人对中国的既捧又压的两面派伎俩,人们自然会明了,无论捧或压,都是为了西方自身的利益,而非中国人民的利益。)

杰佛逊在给友人的信中写道:“在印第安人社会中,大众的幸福感远比那些生活在欧洲政府下的大众高很多。”

亚当斯说:“这个时代的伟大哲学家和政治家正尝试建立现代印第安人式的政府。”

路特里兹是南卡派往立宪大会的代表之一,具体负责大会的会务工作。他向大会公开了一个印第安人酋长的谈话摘引:“We, the people, to form a union, to establish peace, equity and order。”(我们人民,为了建立和平、平等和秩序组成一个同盟。)这就是后来《美国宪法》的第一句话“Wethe People,”(我们人民)简明表达方法的出处,即照搬印第安人的简明表达方法“Wethe Iroquois(我们,“六国邦联”)”。

美国学者乔纳森在其《被遗忘的建国者》一书中评价印第安人“六国邦联”时说,该邦联包含了现代议会、国会和立法等成分。

1754年,纽约殖民地首府阿尔巴尼议会通过了与印第安人“六国邦联”的同盟动议,形成并批准了一个殖民地联合的计划(如同坎纳沙提勾10年前对白人殖民者们的提议一样)。

同年6月,7个殖民地的代表在纽约殖民地的阿尔巴尼召开联席会议。会议讨论了富兰克林拟定的“殖民地同盟的阿尔巴尼计划”。该殖民地同盟计划与印第安人邦联的诸多相似之处非常明显。(1)富兰克林提议设立的殖民地联盟“大议事会”(Grand Council)与“印第安人邦联大议事会”(Iroquois Great Council)如出一辙;(2)富兰克林提议由英王任命总督将军主政所有殖民地,但各个殖民地仍保有内政权和各自宪法,用于调节各个殖民地的不同情况,如同印地安人邦联既有邦联的统一又有邦联各个成员的自治一样;(3)富兰克林提议各殖民地委派到“大议事会”的代表名额取决其人口数量和注册军人数,这种办法不仅与印第安人邦联的措施一样,而且代表数目也相差无几(富兰克林建议48位代表,印地安人邦联允许50位);(4)在兵役问题上,富兰克林的建议不是英王治下的强制兵役制,也非印地安人邦联的自愿兵役制,而是将该权剥离出“大议事会”并交由各殖民地立法机构定夺。

由于英王在各殖民地布置了大量间谍,监督像富兰克林一样的“麻烦制造者”。结果,会议代表们为了取悦祖国母亲—大英帝国而否决了阿尔巴尼计划。历史证明,不是富兰克林的建议不好,而是建议的时机过早。虽然阿尔巴尼计划当时流产了,但这次会议却是北美各个殖民地结盟的发端。

1765年,大英帝国因长期参与争霸世界的战争,尤其是在与法国的“七年全球战争”中,欠下大笔战争债务,于是不断在北美“13个儿子”身上变着花样打主意,因而与各个殖民地的矛盾普遍严重激化,殖民地的广大民众逐渐因为钱的问题开始与自己的老子—英王翻脸,最后经多方操弄,酿成“父子反目”,大打出手,“13子”纷纷独立的局面。

17758月,开始联合起来的各殖民地官员与印第安人“六国邦联”的酋长们在费城聚会,用以确保与印第安人的盟约,使印第安人“六国邦联”在殖民地同盟与大英帝国即将开始的冲突中至少保持中立。825日,双方同抽了印第安人的和平之烟,交换了外交盟友的辞令。按照仪式,殖民地的行政官员向印第安人酋长们告解道:“我们与你们正在做的事情,除了共温古老的议事会之火、续缔盟约、明确联合的每一个环节,首要之事是向你们通报30年前来自你们睿智祖先(坎纳沙提勾)在宾夕法尼亚的兰开斯特一次伟大的议事会上说给我们白人的精彩建议。”接着,该行政官员几乎将坎纳沙提勾于174474日建议各个殖民地联合起来的话语逐字逐句地重复了一遍,然后继续道:“这些都是坎纳沙提勾的话语。兄弟们,我们的先人很高兴听到坎纳沙提勾说的这些话。这些话说到了我们的心坎里。这个建议很好,很善良。我们的先人们奔走相告:‘六国邦联’是睿智的人民,让我们与他们交心,听从他们的建议,教导我们的孩子们向他们学习。’我们的先人确实这样做了。他们经常拿着一只箭说,孩子们,看这只箭多么容易折断。然后,他们拿12只箭(笔者注:当时乔治亚殖民地尚未加入大陆会议)用结实的绳子绑在一起,结果,我们当中最强壮的人都没办法将他们折断。明白吗?他们说,这就是六国邦联的意义之所在。分别开来,一个单独的人就可能毁掉你;联合起来,你可以与整个世界匹敌。我们感谢伟大的上帝,我们都联合起来了。我们有强大的邦联,由12个省构成。这些省在宾夕法尼亚点燃了议事会之火,并派 65位议员以全体的名义代言和行动,为人民的福祉而商议。”

既然没有别的原因,美国开国者将国庆日定在74日,极可能与纪念174474日来自印第安人的伟大倡议有关。

就这样,在殖民地白人头面人物的吹捧下,印第安人“六国邦联”以及所有土著印第安人见证了一个新邦联的诞生,后来又见证了一个新国家的诞生,而土著人却因为这个新国家的诞生和不断扩张而几乎被灭绝了。

74日对美国的深远意义不是一般人能够体会得到的。

现在,你能明白少许了吗?

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发表评论 评论 (7 个评论)

1 回复 户人 2009-7-4 23:54
sf
1 回复 普通一丁 2009-7-5 01:08
整篇文章右邊的文字不見了,不過大意還是可以猜出來。
0 回复 户人 2009-7-5 04:54
文中的信息有出处吗?
1 回复 chineseciv 2009-7-5 04:58
我很好奇,美国土著人有有文字记载的历史吗?如果没有,你文中有关美国土著人的记载来自何处?

先提前谢谢你的解答。
1 回复 金陵客 2009-7-5 05:05
关你什么事,又不是"十.一"国庆节!
0 回复 xyz3691 2009-7-5 07:43
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)

Independence Day (United States)


In the United States, Independence Day, commonly known as the Fourth of July, is a federal holiday commemorating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, declaring independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain. Independence Day is commonly associated with fireworks, parades, barbecues, carnivals, fairs, picnics, concerts, baseball games, political speeches and ceremonies, and various other public and private events celebrating the history, government, and traditions of the United States. Independence Day is the national day of the United States.[1][2][3]
Contents
[hide]

    * 1 Background
    * 2 Observance
    * 3 Customs
    * 4 Unique or historical celebrations
    * 5 See also
    * 6 References
    * 7 Bibliography
    * 8 External links

Background

During the American Revolution, the legal separation of the American colonies from Great Britain occurred on July 2, 1776, when the Second Continental Congress voted to approve a resolution of independence that had been proposed in June by Richard Henry Lee of Virginia.[4] After voting for independence, Congress turned its attention to the Declaration of Independence, a statement explaining this decision, which had been prepared by a Committee of Five, with Thomas Jefferson as its principal author. Congress debated and revised the Declaration, finally approving it on July 4. A day earlier, John Adams had written to his wife Abigail:
“  The second day of July, 1776, will be the most memorable epoch in the history of America. I am apt to believe that it will be celebrated by succeeding generations as the great anniversary festival. It ought to be commemorated as the day of deliverance, by solemn acts of devotion to God Almighty. It ought to be solemnized with pomp and parade, with shows, games, sports, guns, bells, bonfires, and illuminations, from one end of this continent to the other, from this time forward forever more.[5]  ”

Adams' prediction was off by two days. From the outset, Americans celebrated independence on July 4, the date shown on the much-publicized Declaration of Independence, rather than on July 2, the date the resolution of independence was approved in a closed session of Congress.[6]

One of the most enduring myths about Independence Day is that Congress signed the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776.[7][8] The myth had become so firmly established that, decades after the event and nearing the end of their lives, even the elderly Thomas Jefferson and John Adams had come to believe that they and the other delegates had signed the Declaration on the fourth.[9] Most delegates actually signed the Declaration on August 2, 1776.[10] In a remarkable series of coincidences, both John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, two founding fathers of the United States and the only two men who signed the Declaration of Independence to become president, died on the same day: July 4, 1826, which was the United States' 50th anniversary. President James Monroe died exactly five years later, on July 4, 1831, but he was not a signatory to the Declaration of Independence.

Observance
An 1825 invitation to an Independence Day celebration

    * In 1777, thirteen gunshots were fired, once at morning and again as evening fell, on July 4 in Bristol, Rhode Island. Philadelphia celebrated the first anniversary in a manner a modern American would find quite familiar: an official dinner for the Continental Congress, toasts, 13-gun salutes, speeches, prayers, music, parades, troop reviews, and fireworks. Ships were decked with red, white, and blue bunting.[11]
    * In 1778, General George Washington marked July 4 with a double ration of rum for his soldiers and an artillery salute. Across the Atlantic Ocean, ambassadors John Adams and Benjamin Franklin held a dinner for their fellow Americans in Paris, France.[12]
    * In 1779, July 4 fell on a Sunday. The holiday was celebrated on Monday, July 5.[12]
    * In 1781, the Massachusetts General Court became the first state legislature to recognize July 4 as a state celebration.[12]
    * In 1783, Moravians in Salem, North Carolina, held a celebration of July 4 with a challenging music program assembled by Johann Friedrich Peter. This work was titled "The Psalm of Joy".
    * In 1791 the first recorded use of the name "Independence Day" occurred.
    * In 1870, the U.S. Congress made Independence Day an unpaid holiday for federal employees.[13]
    * In 1938, Congress changed Independence Day to a paid federal holiday.[14]

Customs
Fireworks over Miami, Florida, on Independence Day, 2007. Bank of America Tower is also lit with the red, white, and blue color scheme.
Independence Day, 1940 Promotion.ogv
Play video
Patriotic trailer shown in theaters prior to the 4th of July, 1940.

Independence Day is a national holiday marked by patriotic displays. Similar to other summer-themed events, Independence Day celebrations often take place outdoors. Independence Day is a federal holiday, so all non-essential federal institutions (like the postal service and federal courts) are closed on that day. Many politicians make it a point on this day to appear at a public event to praise the nation's heritage, laws, history, society, and people.

Families often celebrate Independence Day by hosting or attending a picnic or barbecue and take advantage of the day off and, in some years, long weekend to gather with relatives. Decorations (e.g., streamers, balloons, and clothing) are generally colored red, white, and blue, the colors of the American flag. Parades often are in the morning, while fireworks displays occur in the evening at such places as parks, fairgrounds, or town squares.

Independence Day fireworks are often accompanied by patriotic songs such as the national anthem "The Star-Spangled Banner", "God Bless America", "America the Beautiful", "My Country, 'Tis of Thee", "This Land Is Your Land", "Stars and Stripes Forever", and, regionally, "Yankee Doodle" in northeastern states and "Dixie" in southern states. Some of the lyrics recall images of the Revolutionary War or the War of 1812.

Firework shows are held in many states, and many fireworks are sold for personal use or as an alternative to a public show. Safety concerns have led some states to ban fireworks or limit the sizes and types allowed. Illicit traffic transfers many fireworks from less restrictive states.

A salute of one gun for each state in the United States, called a “salute to the union,” is fired on Independence Day at noon by any capable military base.[15]

Major displays are held in New York on the East River, in Chicago on Lake Michigan, in San Diego over Mission Bay, in Boston on the Charles River, in St. Louis on the Mississippi River, and on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. During the annual Windsor-Detroit International Freedom Festival, Detroit, Michigan, and Windsor, Ontario, host one of the world's largest fireworks displays, over the Detroit River, to celebrate both American Independence Day and Canada Day.

While the official observance always falls on July 4th, participation levels may vary according to which day of the week the 4th falls on. If the holiday falls in the middle of the week, some fireworks displays and celebrations may take place during the weekend for convenience, again, varying by region.

Unique or historical celebrations
Originally entitled Yankee Doodle, this is one of several versions of a scene painted by A. M. Willard that came to be known as The Spirit of '76. Often imitated or parodied, it is a familiar symbol of American patriotism.

    * Held since 1785, the Bristol Fourth of July Parade in Bristol, Rhode Island is the oldest continuous Independence Day celebration in the United States.
    * Since 1912, the Rebild Society, a Danish-American friendship organization, has held a July 4th weekend festival that serves as a homecoming for Danish-Americans in the Rebild section of Denmark.[16]
    * Since 1916, Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest in Coney Island, Brooklyn, New York City supposedly started as a way to settle a dispute among four immigrants as to who was the most patriotic.
    * Since 1959, the International Freedom Festival is jointly held in Detroit, Michigan and Windsor, Ontario during the last week of June each year as a mutual celebration of Independence Day and Canada Day (July 1). It culminates in a large fireworks display over the Detroit River.
    * Numerous major and minor league baseball games are played on Independence Day.
    * The famous Macy's fireworks display over the East River in New York City has been televised nationwide on NBC since 1976.
    * Since 1970, the annual 10 kilometer Peachtree Road Race is held in Atlanta, Georgia.
    * Since 1973, the Boston Pops Orchestra hosts a music and fireworks show over the Charles River Esplanade called the "Boston Pops Fireworks Spectacular".[17] The event has been broadcast nationally since 2007 on CBS.[18]
    * On the Capitol lawn in Washington, D.C., “A Capitol Fourth,” a free concert, precedes the fireworks and attracts over half a million people annually.
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