各国如何对待"群租"问题 美国:民不举法不究

作者:华人新闻  于 2016-2-1 12:55 发表于 最热闹的华人社交网络--贝壳村

作者分类:华人新闻|通用分类:法律相关

关键词:群租, 大通铺, 家庭旅馆, 房客, 床位


最近,上海对房屋“群租”进行大规模整治,引发了社会的广泛关注与争议。其实,“群租”现象并非上海独有,香港与欧美等发达国家和地区同样存在群租房问题,它们治理“群租”的得失可为我们提供借鉴。

美国:不举不究“静水深流”

在美国群租现象很普遍。房主(即大房东)可将房屋租给二房东;二房东也可再将房屋租给其他人;有两三家同租一套公寓的,也有十几或几十人同租一套房间的现象。

记者见过一个群租房,十几平米的房间排满了床铺,床上支床,进屋后几乎没有落脚之地。里面住着15名来自中国大陆的餐馆“打工仔”,他们每人每天交5美元,不用负担水电费。应该说,美国的群租现象是比较混乱的,但这并不是说美国没有相关的制约法律。美国各州都制定了比较完善的规范群租的法律,一旦出现纠纷,可以依据法律解决。

各州法律大同小异,大致都有以下几条:一、房主要租房,先要取得政府颁发的出租许可证;二、“二房东”替房主代理出租事宜,要遵守所有法规,不能多招房客,另外,“二房东”负有监督的责任,出现问题,房主可以要求“二房东”赔偿;三、在租用一处房屋或单元房时,如果签约人是一个人,除了直系家庭可以同住外,还可邀一名没有血亲关系的人及这个人所生的孩子同住;四、如果几个人共同签约租用一处房屋,那么他们不能再带其他人同住该处,不能再有男女朋友留宿。

美国法律可能也有漏洞。比如,法律对二房东“多招房客”有明确规定,但记者却没有找到限制大房东“多招房客”的相关法律。其实,在美国,把一间屋或一套公寓同时租给十几或几十人的基本都是大房东,但这么做并没有引起法律纠纷。

熟悉美国租房业务的美中经贸关系发展协会理事唐毅对记者说,美国租房有不少潜规则,只要民不举,法律就不究。群居者像沙丁鱼一样挤在斗室里,这是严重违反人权的现象,但这种现象在美国一些大城市却大行其道。主要原因可能是群租者早出晚归,只在晚上回来睡一觉。他们生活得比较安静,很少惊扰邻居,有些邻居甚至对旁边的公寓住着几十名群租者浑然不知。

唐毅说,在美国,很多邻里纠纷不用诉诸法律,只要拨打“911”报警电话就行,警察一般会在3分钟内出面干预。所以,群租者生活得小心翼翼,与邻居井水不犯河水,这进一步造成群租现象“静水深流”。

英国:法规详尽 主抓房东

英国同样存在群租现象。为了治理群租,英国出台了十分详尽的法律条文,使群租过程中遇到的各种问题都有法可依。

英国2004年通过的《住房法案》把群租屋定义为:至少三人居住;房客必须分属至少三个家庭(如果房屋所有者也居住在该屋,他和他的家人不计算在内);所有房客共用厨房、浴室或厕所。《住房法案》还对群租屋的出租和租用制定了相关规定。

此外,英国政府还于2006年2月15日拟定了《群租屋申领许可证令》,并于当年4月6日正式实施。法令规定,凡所出租房屋超过三层、租户超过五人并共用厨卫沐浴设施者,房东就必须事先申请群租许可证,而要拿到这张许可证,房东不仅每五年需缴纳一笔可观的许可证费,本人还必须是没有犯罪前科也没有违反过群租法律的“良民”。

其中的一些规定之细致令人感慨:群租房屋的燃气安全证书一年一检;房东必须为每个租户安装烟雾报警器并确保未被损坏;1至3人共用的厨房面积不得小于5平方米,5人共同厨房面积不得小于7平方米,一个厨房至多5人共用;至多5人共用一个卫生间和浴室;房东须为每个租户提供单独的洗手池……

值得注意的是,这些规定中的大部分是约束房东的。给人的印象是,群租所产生的问题唯房东或租房经纪人是问。

香港:监管“笼屋” 发展“公屋”

1992年,张之亮导演的影片《笼民》让世人见识了“东方之珠”的另一面———一群老弱贫苦的社会底层人士生活在罐头似的“贫民窟”里,一张张床位被铁丝网团团围住,犹如一个个笼子;“笼子”里边除了床具外,还有各种生活用品。这些住在“笼子”里的人被形象地称为“笼民”。

“笼民”是一个长期困扰香港的社会问题。1990年的香港南昌街笼屋大火,以及1992年张之亮电影《笼民》的上映,使“笼民”问题受到了舆论的高度关注。1994年,香港颁布了《床位寓所条例》,并于1998年开始实施,力图改善并减少“笼屋”。

考虑到床位寓所或出租床位租金低廉、地点方便,有一定的市场需求,因此香港政府部门并非简单地取缔床位寓所,而是透过立法确保床位寓所符合消防、卫生或楼宇安全的最低标准。

《床位寓所条例》把“床位寓所”规定为拥有12个及以上出租床位的居住单位,相关部门对符合相应安全标准的床位寓所发放牌照,严格禁止无照经营。对于因实施《床位寓所条例》导致床位减少、必须迁出的部分住客,如果年满60岁或有健康护理需要者,社会福利署会考虑让他们入住福利院舍,或安排他们入住公屋;对于60岁以下必须迁出的住客,可申请入住民政事务总署开办的单身人士宿舍。另外,管理部门每半年派员探访已登记的床位寓所。当发现有年老、体弱或身体不健全的住客需要房屋方面的支援时,有关方面便会提供协助。

另外,香港从1954年便开始实施“公屋”制度,即为低收入人群提供廉租(住)房。公屋申请人有收入上的限制,配售由房委会公开编号、统一轮候、按号入住或者公开抽签挑选。公屋计划解决了香港30%左右人口的居住问题。 

(洛杉矶记者于大波、伦敦记者沈昌胜、香港记者苏晓)


世界日报:赌徒邸千「霸租」纽约家庭旅馆 敲诈勒索三千美元

家庭旅馆恶房客 拿钱落跑

在法拉盛Ash大道夹邦恩街(Bowne St.)某家庭旅馆租一个床位的中年华裔男子邸千,日前向警方指称房东把门反锁、扔他东西等多种恶劣手段企图非法驱赶。房东孙先生则称,双方纠纷是因邸千欠庞大赌债,没从他那里借到钱而报警。警方介入后,双方终于和解,邸千带着房东借他的数百元日前搬出家庭旅馆,并留下一封给房东的信,作为借据。

房客邸千投诉称,房东孙先生得知市楼宇局(Building Department)要来检查后,开始驱赶房客,因他不肯搬走,多次把门反锁,扔掉他放在冰箱的食物和一些日用品,还企图把他的行李箱扔到街头。

针对这起投诉,孙先生表示,「这房客不久前因攻击罪被捕,释放后没钱,我出于好心让他住进来,劝他改恶从善。」

孙先生指出,双方此次冲突的起因是赌博,「上月20日,他说赌博输掉老板让他办事的钱,不还钱工作就没了,因此开口向我借1000元,我没借他,后来了解到他把离婚卖房刚分到的钱也输掉了,而且向几个人借钱还没还」。

「因为我不借他钱,他就不付租金并威胁称,这个家庭旅馆非法,他就在这里不走,而且要去举报,让旅馆开不下去。这种情况下,我决定关闭家庭旅馆,让其他住客搬走。没想到,他开始搞破坏,弄坏电饭锅、撬门、砸锁、威胁,朝我脸上吐口水,拳头在我眼前晃,吓得我们不敢进屋。」

关于邸千投诉他换锁一事,孙先生指出,对方听说如果房东换锁,警察可以逮捕房东,于是就以换锁为由,两次从逃生楼梯爬到四楼,从窗口进入。孙先生解释,他开始并没有换锁,后来不得已才换锁是因为邸千在锁心里塞了牙签。

孙先生强调,「我并没有扔他的行李,现在他连吃饭的钱都没有,前几天,想向我要3000元,最少2500元,说拿到钱马上就搬走。我最终给了他700元,他在周二早上搬走了,还写了一封给我的道歉信,此事也算告一段落」。

孙先生指出,纽约有上千家家庭旅馆,数以万计的华裔房东分租床位给打工者。家庭旅馆和分租都不合法规,但却为众多收入不高、以打工为生、甚至要寄钱回国的华裔移民提供很多便利、降低他们的生活成本,为政府解决一些社会问题。

世界日报记者/纽约报导
July 28, 2015


邸千,男,1971年2月出生,辽宁省大连市人,现居纽约法拉盛,职业是送货司机。嗜好抽烟赌博,打架斗殴,诈骗,欠债不还,诬告债主及房东。有犯罪被捕入狱记录。

Failed gambler Qian Di occupied a guesthouse and extorted $3000 (World Journal post)

An evil tenant blackmailed money from a guesthouse then escaped

Qian Di, a milldle-aged Chinese man who rented a bed from a guesthouse on the Ash Avenue and Bowne Street in the Flushing Town, ecently told the police that his landlord try to drive out him illegally with a variety of harsh means, such as locked the door and throw him baggages. However, the landlord Mr.Sun said, their dispute is due to Qian Di owed huge gambling debts, and can not to borrow money from him, then, called the police. Through the police intervention, the two sides finally reconciliated----Qian Di moved out of the guesthouse recently with hundreds dollars whice the landlord lended him, and leave a letter to landlord for a debt note.

The tenant Qian Di complained that his landlord Sun drives all tenants while hearsay the City Department of Buildings will examine to come. Mr.Sun locked the door repeatedly, and throwed his refrigerator foods and some daily necessities because he refused to move out. Mr.Sun even attempted to throw his trunk to the street.

In view of this complaint, Mr.Sun said, "This tenant was arrested by the attack crime not long ago. He has no money after the release. I let him live here by my kindness. Also I advised him to mend his ways."

Mr.Sun pointed out that cause of comflict is Qian Di indulged in gambling. "On the 20th of last month, Qian Di told me that he lost the payment for goods of his boss in the gambling. He was afraid that he might lose his job if he doesn't return the payment to his boss. Therefore he asked me to loan $1000. I didn't lend money to him yet. Soon after, I learned that he sold his house that he got from the divorce case. He also borrowed money from many people and has not returned to them."

"He didn't pay the rental to me because I didn't lend money to him. He declared this guesthouse is illegal. He will not only to stay living here, but also will report to the government. He threatened to make my  guesthouse close. In this case, I decided to close the guesthouse, and persuaded other residents move away. Unexpectedly, he began to engage in sabotage, such as damaged the electric rice cooker, and pried the doors, and smashed locks.He was using violence and intimidation. He spited in my face, and shaked his fist in front of me. Therefore We dare not enter here again."

Regarding the case which Qian Di complainted his landlord changed the lock, Mr.Sun pointed out that Qian Di knew the law requires that the police can arrest the landlord who changes the lock without authorization. Thus Qian Di use it as an excuse to climbed from the escape stairs to the 4th floor and came into the window. Mr.Sun explained that he would not change the lock originally, but he changed it later because of Qian Di crammed the toothpick in the lock.

Mr.Sun stressed, "I did not throw his luggage. Qian Di has no money to buy foods now. A few days ago, He ask me to borrow $3000, at least $2500. He said that he will leave at once, as soon as he gets the money. Finally I gave him $700. He, then, moved out on Tuesday morning, and wrote an apology letter to me. This matter was end."

Mr.Sun pointed out that there are thousands of guesthouses in New York. Tens of thousands of Chinese landlords sublet beds for the migrant workers. The beds subletting of the guesthouses are illegal, but they provide some conveniences for many Chinese immigrants who are low-income, and work for a living, or even to send money to home. The guesthouses reduce their living costs, and help the government to solve some social problems.

World Journal reporter / New York post
July 28, 2015

Translator: Ms.Le Zhou
 
(Qian Di, a Chinese male, born in February 21, 1971. He is living in Flushing town, New York City now. He is addicted to gambling, fighting, fraud, false debt, creditors and the landlord. He has some criminal records. Warning: Do not lend your money or rent your room for the Chinese gambler Qian Di! If you find out that he is trying to harm you, please report to the police immediately. His SSN is 115-23-9532.)


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