清共在即 在美人自求福/ 確診選情 川普神贏大選

作者:change?  于 2020-10-5 20:45 发表于 最热闹的华人社交网络--贝壳村

通用分类:法律相关





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A revised map of where working memory resides in the brain


genetically diverse mice

Genetically diverse mice can reveal hidden players behind complex cognitive functions. Credit: Jennifer Torrance/The Jackson Laboratory

Working memory: it’s how you make a mental shopping list without forgetting the milk, or memorize a number just long enough to write it down. But working memory is more than a prerequisite for a successful errand—the ability to briefly hold information in our minds lies at the heart of almost everything we do.

And, as a new study of forgetful mice shows, the brain processes behind this skill are more complex than commonly appreciated.

In a paper in Cell, the researchers present evidence that working memory isn’t neatly confined to one brain area, but requires the synchronous activity of at least two. The findings challenge long-held assumptions that working memory is the job of just one part of the brain and help scientists pinpoint its genetic and mechanistic basis.

“There were in fact hints from earlier research that multiple brain structures are somehow involved in working memory,” says Priya Rajasethupathy, neuroscientist at Rockefeller University. “Our new findings give us more-tangible insights into what these areas are and how they are contributing.”

Ingredients of good memory

Pioneering studies in the 70s and 80s traced the neural underpinnings of working memory to the brain’s prefrontal cortex. There, neurons appear to preserve information by collectively firing for seconds to minutes, much longer than the millisecond norm for individual neurons. But this mechanism alone doesn’t explain the more complicated aspects of working memory—including, for example, how we can hold more than one item in mind, or face distractors and still remember the thing that we care about.

“It became increasingly clear that persistent activity in the prefrontal cortex, while important, can’t be the whole story,” says Rajasethupathy, Jonathan M. Nelson Family Assistant Professor.

To further investigate this, Rajasethupathy’s team partnered with Praveen Sethupathy and his lab at Cornell University to explore how working memory functions among a special population of genetically diverse mice. “Unlike standard lab mice, these mice have a level of genetic diversity mirroring that of human populations,” Sethupathy says, “This means some may be great at working memory tasks, and some not so much, and we can study what in their brain’s physiology gives rise to that variability.”

Mice can’t recite a shopping list to show off their memory skills. But when put in a maze, they prefer to explore a new arm of the maze on every visit. How successfully a mouse finds new territory inside the maze is therefore a measure of its working memory.

As expected, the scientists saw broad variations in the mice’s performance, and a subsequent genetic analysis highlighted one place in the genome that could explain a considerable portion—17 percent—of that variability.

There, the researchers found one gene with striking effects on the animals’ working memory. By boosting its expression, they could turn a mouse from one who used to perform at chance level to one who gets it right 80 percent of the time—or create more forgetful mice by hampering the gene’s expression.

From genes to brain circuits

The team then investigated how this gene, which also exists in other mammals and humans, affects a mouse’s brain and behavior.

The gene encodes Gpr12, an “orphan receptor,” so-called because it’s unclear what molecule in the brain activates it. To their surprise, the researchers found these receptors are not in the prefrontal cortex, the presumed seat of working memory, but in neurons much farther away in the brain’s thalamus.

High-performing mice had about 2.5 times more of these receptors in their thalamus than low-performing mice. Brain activity recordings revealed that these receptors help establish synchronous activity between the thalamus and the prefrontal cortex during working memory tasks.

This synchrony appears to be essential for maintaining memory, the researchers found: The higher it was, the more likely the mouse was to make an accurate “left or right” choice when it found itself at a fork in the maze, showing it had remembered the information obtained in a previous visit.

“We demonstrate that mice that perform better, have more of these receptors and are therefore able to establish more synchrony,” Rajasethupathy said.

The findings expand classical models by revealing the crucial role of the dialogue between the prefrontal cortex and thalamus, suggesting new ways for researchers to think about working memory. Rajasethupathy and her colleagues plan to continue investigating the details of the role played by Gpr12 receptors—work which may lead to potential therapeutic targets for treating deficits in working memory.

Working memory is impacted in learning disabilities, aging, and in conditions such as schizophrenia, depression, and ADHD, where an understanding of the genetic and molecular bases of cognitive deficits is still lacking. According to Rajasethupathy, their study offers a promising approach for mechanistically unpacking discrete cognitive deficits that otherwise merge and present as a complex neuropsychiatric condition.

“It’s rare to find a single gene with a strong influence on a complex cognitive function like working memory,” she says. “But it happened to be true in this case, and it led us to unexpected mechanisms involved in working memory.”


蒋方舟:我也很难抗拒胡兰成的魅力

按,近期蒋方舟做客腾讯视频“见字如面”,结合自己的恋爱与分手经历对她早年的《致张爱玲小姐》有所重新解读。蒋方舟年少成名,有写作天赋,但因缺乏人生经历,她对世事的看法,对胡兰成张爱玲的评价未必成熟,不独蒋方舟如此,更多张迷胡粉乃至芸芸众生其实都如此。随着年龄的增长,阅历之丰富,我们对一人一事之看法也会逐渐改变,许多成见、偏见将慢慢剥离,知人论世,人世如镜,这原本也是我们自身的成长。以下两篇蒋方舟谈胡兰成,第一篇是2015年3月蒋方舟出席胡兰成诞辰110周年座谈会时的发言,第二篇是她早先发表的《致张爱玲小姐》,相隔数年,其间心情、看法及她个人经历皆有所不同,是她对胡兰成看法之略微改变,也可以说是她自身的成长。2018年1月2日,小北谨识

一、从张爱玲读到胡兰成,一个人对年轻人的态度最能看出他的境界(2015年3月25日(旧历二月初六)蒋方舟在“新周书房”胡兰成诞辰110周年座谈会上的发言,据录音整理:从张爱玲读到胡兰成,一个人对年轻人的态度最能看出他的境界)

那我就简单讲一讲吧。刚才赳赳介绍我是胡兰成的粉丝,其实我当时想反驳的,后来也不好意思。其实严格意义上来说我不是胡兰成的粉丝,我觉得我的历程可能跟很多人一样吧,因为是张爱玲的粉丝,先是看了《民国女子》,然后去找张爱玲在其中的痕迹。

然后就发现怎么张爱玲这么迷恋他呀,从而对这个人产生了好奇。但是后来看《小团圆》,又觉得不是这么回事,觉得张爱玲对胡兰成还是有很多非常复杂的情感吧。比如说当时印象特别深刻的就是张爱玲说一度想死给胡兰成看,但是想了想,她哪怕死给胡兰成看,胡兰成的反应也会是像胡兰成对大多数事情的反应一样,点点头说:“嗯,亦是好的”。觉得这个印象特别深刻,就觉得其实他们俩的感情,两个人在不同的两本书里面,是完全两种状态。

你会觉得似乎在《今生今世》里胡兰成他有一点被这种爱或者是对自己的爱蒙蔽住了双眼的感觉。当然这个是自己的一种臆测,因为感情的事很难说。但是可能也是因为张爱玲的关系,就开始去读胡兰成的书。

其实对我来说印象深刻的倒真的不是他写的内容,而是他为人的一种态度吧,尤其是对年轻人。其实因为朱天文朱天心的东西我也挺喜欢看的,印象特别深刻的是有一件小事,朱天文当时和她的父亲朱西宁第一次去拜访胡兰成,回来之后就觉得非常的失望,就写了一封信给胡兰成的学生叫做仙枝,去描述这种失望。她说失望有几种层面,第一是在胡兰成脸上没有看到这种张爱玲所写的神采;第二是因为当时她送了胡兰成一包便当,里面有她自己做的寿司,但胡兰成也没吃出来,就觉得胡兰成好像也没那么神;第三大概是胡兰成送了她一个包袱,从日本带回来的一个包袱,但是同时这包袱也送给其他一个不知道是什么人。朱天文就觉得自己被轻慢了,所以就写了一封信给胡兰成的学生去表述这种失望。当胡兰成看到这封信之后他对自己的描述不是那种感觉,因为他年纪也很大了,而且是朱天文父亲的老师,他并没有觉得任何的愤怒、不好意思或者是怎么样,他反而觉得很惭愧,而且大赞朱天文是天才,因为只有天才才会有这种小孩子的认真。当然也不知道他这种赞赏是为了演示自己的尴尬还是怎么样。但是我觉得他能够去写出这一点包括他能够有这样的反应就表明他对待年轻人确实是一个大师或者是大家的态度。

另外一个就是胡兰成当时跟一个叫黎华标的人去通信,通了七十多封信。黎华标是一个他也没有见过面的名不见经传的学生,但是胡兰成在给黎华标的信里写道:“读你的信,每每都生出感激之意。”我觉得一个在很多文艺青年心中有崇高地位的人说出这句话是很不容易的。以及他写给黎华标的信里写道:“每每读到你的信,我就想到我自己这种对女人的态度,哪怕是看到街上一个裹脚的女人,我也会想把她娶回家,爱她敬她”之类的。你会觉得这么一个大师级的人对年轻人这样掏心掏肺地去讲自己的感情观是很不容易的一件事。而且这种感情观在我们看来是非常令人诧异甚至如果你不在这样的语境当中你是觉得很难接受的。但是他会很坦诚的把自己这一面去流露出来,流露给一个年轻人,所以我当时就觉得我刚刚接触到胡兰成的时候那种不适应,那种觉得他古怪,觉得他过于煽情,可能是因为我不在这样的环境当中,而且我是用这种一般凡人或者是一般普通人的行为处事的视角去看他。

所以我觉得,一个人特别是一个文艺家对年轻人的态度是最能够看出他的境界,我觉得这个层面上胡兰成确实是特别厉害,因为一个人作为一个前辈去煽动一个后辈,真是有很大风险的一件事。因为首先你不知道他的才华是否值得你去吹捧,另外也是卜上了自己的声名去煽动一个年轻人。但是胡兰成非常愿意去煽动一个又一个他认为有才华的人。而且只有到对方停止的时候他才会停。所以我觉得这一点是非常了不起的。张爱玲形容胡兰成有句话,她说:人家的好处容易得你感激,难得你满足。所以胡兰成他对于别人的好处往往是难感,往往是感激但是难得满足。我觉得这也是为什么他不断地去煽动这些有才华的年轻人并且能让他们才华最大化的原因吧。我就讲到这。谢谢。

二、蒋方舟23岁时所写《致张爱玲小姐》

张爱玲你好:

那天又想到你,是和人谈起胡兰成。

话头并不是从胡兰成而起,而是从一本叫做《在德黑兰读<洛丽塔>》的书开始。伊朗女学者阿扎西从海外归来,回到自己的祖国伊朗教授西方文学,她因为不愿意戴着面纱上课,辞掉了在德黑兰大学的教职,邀请了七名女学生,每周四到她家里贪婪地阅读英文经典。她为女孩子们选定的阅读教材有《一千零一夜》、《洛丽塔》、《了不起的盖茨比》等。

这本书的主题,是讲在个人自由受到强烈桎梏的大环境下,如何通过启蒙自身,来改变所处的世界。而书里最让我感兴趣的细节,却是当这些秘密阅读小组的妙龄少女们读到亨伯特,忍不住震颤和心动,“洛丽塔,我生命之光,我欲念之火。我的罪恶,我的灵魂”——仿佛亨伯特在舌尖所含的是她们的名字。

忽然就想起了胡兰成,像所有的喜爱你、疯狂迷恋你的人一样,我也很讨厌胡兰成,不解你对他的深情。亨伯特和胡兰成一样,其实是非常丑恶肮脏的人,内心有永远也见不得人的一面。

他们的另一个共同点,就是都有种奇异的,能操纵女人的能力。魅,祛不了的魅。比如台湾的朱天文、朱天心两姐妹,就是很明显的在胡兰成语言的操控之中。

不同的是,在对女人永不停息的追求上,亨伯特有种自知的病态,胡兰成却视其为天下最正当、最美的事业。

胡兰成在给人的信里写:

“乃至在路上见跛足的或乞丐的妇人,我都设想我可以娶她为妻??此是年轻人的感情,如大海水,愿意填补地上的不平。因由此感情,故山川草木以及女学生,皆映辉成鲜润的了。”

我看了,得比旧文人“红袖添香夜读书”的毛病还要令人憎恶,因为除了风流,还有一种临幸天下的滥爱,自视为上帝、“文人中心主义”——我生气,也是因为对他有先入为主的意见,知道他和你的故事,所以在读这封信的时候,脑海里总有他顾盼生姿的样子。

如果我事先没有这种心理防御,恐怕也很难抗拒胡兰成的魅。

因为你无法把违背社会常理和道德的职责施加给他,他自己有一套标准和与之匹配的语言。比如他在《今生今世》里写:“前一晌我看了电影沛丽,沛丽是一只小栗鼠,洪荒世界里雷火焚林,山洪暴发,大雪封山,生命只是个残酷。它随时随地会遇上敌人,被貂追逐,佯死得遁,而于春花春水春枝下,雌雄相向立起,以前脚相戏击为对舞,万死余生中得此一刻思无邪的恋爱,仍四面都是危险,叫人看着真要伤心泪下。众生无明,纵有好处,越见得它是委屈。文明是先要没有委屈。”

他把整个文明的概念,落在一只惊惶的老鼠上。把那些庞大的词汇,都浓缩成一个楚楚的“委屈”。虽然我们明知道文明是个庞大复杂的概念,绝不是轻巧的“不委屈”几个字,但是却不知不觉接受了胡兰成的说法。他有自己解释世界的语言,以及评价万物的体系。你永远不能指责他错了,因为标准是他定的。当你去评价胡兰成时,就不得不进入他的世界,参照他的标准,使用他的语言。

胡兰成的这套标准柔情而委婉,所以让人容易沉迷不能醒。

阿城也把胡兰成的《今生今世》借给陈丹青,他在胡的文章中看出了杀气。杀气是藏在一团圆融温柔的香气中吧。连阿城也只找出了一处破绽,说他“兵家写散文:细节虽丰惟关键处语焉不详”。

最喜欢你的书,并不是你二十几岁才华横溢期写的小说,而是一本没写完的《异乡记》。这本书只有三万多字,记录了1946年你从上海到温州寻访胡兰成的见闻。

看得人心惊肉跳,尤其是看你平淡地叙述出自己不那么体面的经历:“请女佣带我到解手的地方,原来就在楼梯底下一个阴暗的角落里,放着一只高脚马桶。我伸手钳起那黑腻腻的木盖,勉强使自己坐下去,正好面对着厨房,全然没有一点掩护。风飕飕的,此地就是过道,人来人往,我也不确定是不是应当对他们点头微笑。”

《围城》里也写到过知识分子逃难的狼狈,但是下笔要克制保留很多,钱钟书嘴角总有一抹嘲弄的笑,要与这乡间的生活拉开距离。不像你诚实得近乎残忍,几乎漫不经心地横刀对自己剖腹,露出惨淡与不堪来。

你流产(抑或是堕胎)过,《小团圆》里写自己直视着抽水马桶里的男胎儿,肌肉上一层淡淡血水,大大的双眼突出。这一幕简直恐怖到了极点,如同排泄物一样的胎儿被冲入排水道,性、虐杀、暴力拥挤在一段让人心碎的记忆中,你却有耐心细细地回忆和描摹这画面。

你对自己狠,也不饶过别人。《殷宝滟送花楼会》写的是傅雷的故事。傅雷爱上了学生的妹妹,一个美貌的女高音。而妻子朱梅馥善良浩荡如菩萨,包容怜惜丈夫一切的暴戾乖张。傅雷和女学生相恋过,最后没能在一起。女学生把故事告诉了你,大概也期待你能写成个如泣如诉的悲歌,岂料在你眼里,他们的爱情并不是唐传奇,甚至不算是一段世说新语,而不过又是一段自欺欺人。虽然傅雷在你动笔这篇小说几个月前,才刚写过文章,夸赞你为“文坛最美的收获”,可是你并没有领情,笔下的傅雷不是唐璜,而是个神经质的虐待狂。

评论家柯灵曾经写过著名的《遥寄张爱玲》来怀念你,满怀深情怀念你的才华。在《小团圆》里,你却毫不留情地写了当初是怎样被他在公车上调戏的:“真挤。这家西点店出名的,蛋糕上奶油特别多,照这样要挤成浆糊了。荀桦(原型为柯灵)乘著拥挤,忽然用膝盖夹紧了她两只腿……就在这一刹那间,她震了一震,从他膝盖上尝到坐老虎櫈的滋味。

她担忧到了站他会一同下车,摆脱不了他。她自己也不大认识路,不要被他发现了那住址。幸而他只笑著点点头,没跟著下车。刚才没什么麼,甚至于不过是再点醒她一下:汉奸妻,人人可戏。“

你总是把人想象得比真实更坏一些,或者说,你眼光毒辣,发现了甚至连他们自己都没有发现的猥琐心思,并且不惮写出来,不管那人是不是对自己有意,或是有恩。

对胡适先生,你却是少有地留了情面。那时你们都在美国,离开了国内被人追捧、与人热络的环境,而都非常孤独寂寞。胡适先生的处境大概比你好些,也帮了你许多。你当时住在救世军办的宿舍里,性质和待遇就和收容所差不多。

胡适先生来看你,两人往黑漆空洞的客厅里去,胡适先生直赞这地方很好。坐了一会儿,一路出来四面看看,仍然满口说好,分明是没话找话。

你送他到台阶外,天冷,你没穿大衣,却也和胡适先生在凉风中站了许久。那是你们最后一次见面。你刻薄的笔力并没有捅破和揭穿什么,即使内心清明,最后仍然尊称胡适先生为“偶像”。

对亲人和至交,你甚至都没有那么友善。你后来和好友炎樱断交,几乎老死不相往来。在后来的通信里,炎樱问你为什么莫名其妙不再理她,你说:我不喜欢一个人和我老是聊几十年前的事,好像我是个死人一样。你的弟弟张子静,你在《童言无忌》里说他“实在秀美可爱”,听到别人说他种种不成器,你则比谁都气愤。他后来向你寻求救济,你却分文不给,以至于他也写书诉述你的冷漠。

“任是无情也动人”——不相干的人恐怕会这样说你,相干的人则只觉得无情。你却说自己“所有人都同情”。我想到有人曾经问徐梵澄先生,说鲁迅为什么这么刻薄,这么好骂?徐梵澄先生说:“因为他厚道。厚道是正,一遇到邪,未免不能容,当然骂起来了。”

角度不同,冷暖自知吧。平常事物,你比别人更早看到更深一层的苦难,急急别过脸去,人说你无情,其实是同情至深。

你遇到胡兰成时23岁,我遇到你时7岁,如今也快23岁了。先是看你的文章,然后研究你的人生,时而背离,时而叛逃,时而万有引力一般地靠近你的人生。

你说生活像你从前的老女佣,叫她找一样东西,她总要慢条斯理从大抽屉里取出一个花格子小手巾包,去掉了别针,打开来轻轻掀着看了一遍,照旧包好,放还原处,又拿出个白竹布包,用一条元色旧鞋口滚条捆上的,打开来看过没有,又收起来;把所有的包裹都检查点过,她对这些东西是这样的亲切──全是她收的,她找不到就谁都不要想找得到。

你被时代推着走,只能从后往前推测人生的结局怎样才能美满些:若没有爆发战争,若留在了大陆,若没有逃到美国,若晚年回到香港??全是一堆无从选择的选择题。

如今,我的生活也成了这样一个慢吞吞的老女佣,求之不得的无奈多过踌躇满志,事与愿违的情况多于种瓜得瓜。无论自己亦或是时代,都看不清前路在哪儿,也不知道走哪步会满盘皆输的错。这时总想起你的话来:“我们这一代人是幸运的,到底还能读懂《红楼梦》”。这是文学仅剩的安慰,以及最后的退守。还能读懂你,我想我也是幸运的。

蒋方舟,1989年出生,湖北襄阳人,七岁开始写作,九岁完成首部散文集,至今已出版十余部作品。2008年被清华大学破格录取,2009年曾获第七届人民文学散文奖,2012年从清华大学毕业,并出任《新周刊》副主编。

新书推荐:《今生今世》(胡兰成著,槐风书社,2017年12月,胡兰成去世36年来首度出版完整无删节版,比之前台湾、香港各版都更完善)

新版《今生今世》不但比中国大陆简体版多十几万字,而且比台湾三三版、台湾远景“完整版”多好几百字,也比香港天地图书版及“胡兰成全集”中的《今生今世》更为完善,可以说是数十年来首次还原了胡氏原著。此中细节经小北详加考订说明,附录于新版之后。

蒋方舟,1989年出生,湖北襄阳人,七岁开始写作,九岁完成首部散文集,至今已出版十余部作品。2008年被清华大学破格录取,2009年曾获第七届人民文学散文奖,2012年从清华大学毕业,并出任《新周刊》副主编。

新书推荐:《今生今世》(胡兰成著,槐风书社,2017年12月,胡兰成去世36年来首度出版完整无删节版,比之前台湾、香港各版都更完善)

新版《今生今世》不但比中国大陆简体版多十几万字,而且比台湾三三版、台湾远景“完整版”多好几百字,也比香港天地图书版及“胡兰成全集”中的《今生今世》更为完善,可以说是数十年来首次还原了胡氏原著。此中细节经小北详加考订说明,附录于新版之后。


胡兰成对女人的“格物”本领

胡兰成当然是一个有争议的人。首先在男女方面颇受争议。但是请先还原到当时的历史条件,请注意他和蒋介石、毛泽东属于同代人。蒋、毛有几个女人?胡兰成的女人好像也不见得比他们多。在我们今天的时代虽然不被允许,但在他们那个时代,他好像也不是很夸张。

当然他很特殊,幸或不幸,他刚好遇到一个张爱玲。他的生命中有七八个女人,但如果把张爱玲抽掉,仿佛也没什么好讲的,因为太稀松平常了嘛。由于张爱玲这些年来逐渐变成一个神一样的地位,大家对胡就有一种心情上的反差和不平。人们会问,你怎么可以和一个“神”恋爱,同时又和这些凡间的庸脂俗粉恋爱呢?很多张迷会爱屋及乌地讨厌胡,这一点我倒比较赞成,男女之间的事情很难讲得清。但如果不是张迷,对胡倒是可以平心而论。

胡兰成的生命中有七八个女人,但如果把张爱玲抽掉,仿佛也没什么好讲的。胡兰成的生命中有七八个女人,但如果把张爱玲抽掉,仿佛也没什么好讲的。


胡对于女人的事情,很多人说他很滥。需要注意的是,他很多时候是在逃难,逃难中露水鸳鸯,很难说的清。1949 的时候很多大陆人都跑去台湾,他们在大陆本来有原配,经过几年,他们也需要娶老婆,谁知道他什么时候回大陆。有的人就是逃难一次,像胡兰成这样逃难很多次,怎么办呢?结果就弄出很多来,有时候的确是命运的捉弄吧。但是他对这些人的态度怎么样呢?从《今生今世》还是可以看得出来,他对人家并不是始乱终弃的。

胡还有一个比较特殊的能力,这个朱天心和朱天一也讲过。在他们还是高中的时候,他们喊他胡爷。他们发现在胡爷的眼里,每个人尤其每个女子都是一个发光体。他看得到每一个女子独特的美,看得到女子的动人之处,他看得到,也能说得出来。不往复杂的男女关系去想,单单看他的这个能力,通于中国最高的学问。中国的最高的学问是《大学》里讲的格物致知正心诚意的第一次词——“格物”。格物是一切事物的根本。我们不用跑去翻古书,看朱熹怎么说,王阳明怎么讲。王阳明也是吃尽了苦头。不听他们讲还不复杂,一听将反而弄不懂了。格就是指“带”,物是一个对象,把物带到你面前来。怎么带到你的面前来呢?就是指你跟这个物没有隔阂,就是这么简单。中国人怎么格物?靠感通。《易经》说感而遂通。要感到会光,感到会通,那就是感通。等到所有的事物能够感通的时候,这就是格物。

胡兰成对女人有格物的能力,这是他的优点,但是有时候成为他的缺点。所以被有些人诟病。但是基本上,女人批评胡兰成,我都没有意见。但是我对男人批评胡兰成有所保留。有些男人满嘴仁义道德,批评别人的时候慷慨激昂,但是转头过去,他那个状态,跟他的慷慨激昂不太相称啊。这个时候,我们就要学孔子说的六个字:听其言,观其行。你就那么冰清玉洁吗?但是如果你的愤怒和指责源于某种奇特心里投射,那我们就再说吧。所以说对于男人批评胡兰成,我就特别有兴趣,很好奇,你这个人到底是什么样的人呢?


ASIA PACIFIC / POLITICSMike Pompeo's Asia visit and 'Quad' talks still on after Trump COVID-19 test
  • U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo wears a face mask during his visit in Dubrovnik, Croatia, on Friday. | POOL / VIA REUTERSU.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo wears a face mask during his visit in Dubrovnik, Croatia, on Friday. | POOL / VIA REUTERS

WASHINGTON/SYDNEY – U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo’s visit to Asia next week demonstrates Washington’s strong commitment to allies and partners in the region, the top American diplomat for East Asia, David Stilwell, said Friday.

Pompeo said earlier on Friday he would go ahead with the trip to Japan, South Korea and Mongolia, even after President Donald Trump tested positive for the coronavirus.

In a briefing call on the trip for reporters, Stilwell said the United States saw the decision by new Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga to host Pompeo as a reaffirmation of an ever-strengthening partnership.

Stilwell said a ministerial meeting of the “Quad” grouping of the United States, Japan, Australia and India next Tuesday would probably not produce a joint statement, adding that the group has shared values, but different perspectives.

Stilwell called the U.S.-Japan relationship “the cornerstone of peace, security and prosperity for the Indo-Pacific” region.

He said the Quad, which China has denounced as an attempt to contain its development, was focused on furthering “a shared vision of a free open and inclusive Indo-Pacific … especially as (China’s) tactics of aggression and coercion, increase in the region.”

Recent discussions among the Quad had focused on building cooperation on issues including maritime security and on critical technology, infrastructure and counterterrorism, Stilwell said.

However, when asked whether the four-way grouping would issue a joint statement, Stilwell said: “I think you’ll see public availability related to this, as far as a joint statement, probably not.”

He said there were a lot of areas for discussion, but these could be “freeform as well.”

“This is the wonderful thing about the Quad … we have shared values, but different perspectives, and from those come great ideas and elegant solutions.”

China-U.S. relations have sunk to the lowest point in decades in the run-up to the Nov. 3 U.S. presidential election.

The world’s two biggest economies have clashed over issues ranging from trade, technological and security rivalry to human rights and the response to the coronavirus, which first surfaced in China late last year.

Washington’s allies and partners in Asia share U.S. concerns about China’s increasingly assertive behavior and extensive territorial claims, but analysts say they have been concerned about the tone of some of Pompeo and Trump’s rhetoric against Beijing.

The high-level meeting will be closely watched by China, which warned on Tuesday against “exclusive cliques” that target third-parties.

The meeting in Tokyo on Tuesday is the first standalone meeting of the Quad ministers, after an inaugural meeting a year ago in New York on the sidelines of the United Nations.

“This will be another important step forward for this grouping of Indo-Pacific democracies,” Australian Foreign Affairs Minister Marise Payne said in a statement confirming her travel.

“We will discuss strengthening cooperation to support regional responses to the health and economic dimensions of COVID-19, including on vaccines, supply chains and quality infrastructure investment.”

China is expected to be discussed in the meeting, which is not a formal alliance but a network to share perspectives on stability in the region.

Payne said the meeting comes “at an important time in the Indo-Pacific, when our shared interests are under unprecedented pressure, including as the region responds to COVID-19.”

Critical minerals will be discussed, as Australia seeks to create a market for its rare earths, which are a key component in global technology manufacturing, but currently dominated by supply from China.

The first quadrilateral dialogue of officials was held in 2007, followed by a joint naval exercise, but was abandoned the next year when Australia withdrew amid Chinese complaints the Quad was an attempt to contain China’s rise.

The group was revived in 2017 with official-level talks.

India, previously seen as cautious about the revival of the Quad, has this year been involved in border clashes with China. At least 20 Indian solders were killed while China suffered an unspecified number of casualties in a bloody hand-to-hand clash at the border in June.

Australia’s diplomatic relations with China worsened this year after Canberra led calls for an international inquiry into the coronavirus pandemic, and Beijing imposed trade sanctions on Australian beef and barley.

Payne said India, Japan and the United States were “vital Indo-Pacific partners” for Australia.

Payne, Pompeo and Indian Foreign Minister Subrahmanyam Jaishankar are also expected to meet individually with Suga.

Indian media has speculated that India will invite Australia to participate in the annual Malabar naval exercises with Japan and the United States, but no invitation has yet been made.

Australia last joined Malabar in 2007.

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