除了人类意识，其它什么都不存在

这两天的讨论的话题让我想起了很久以前看的一本书，就是George Orwell的“1984”。 那天在翻老的博文里看到了一个词“乌托邦”，一下子豁然开朗，原来“乌托邦”就是Utopia。今天拿出"1984"来又简单读了一下，特别是后面的几个章节。看上去“1984”是写斯大林和德国纳粹的权利控制手段使人性在强度压榨下变得如行尸走肉，但不能不说所有人类政治群体都存在着这种潜力。“1984”是dystopia(wikipedia中文翻译：反乌托邦/敌托邦)。

1. Doublethinking(双重思想)。“1984”说

“To know and not to know, to be conscious of complete truthfulness while telling carefully constructed lies, to hold simultaneously two opinions which cancelled out, knowing them to be contradictory and believing in both of them, to use logic against logic, to repudiate morality while laying claim to it, to believe that democracy was impossible and that the Party was the guardian of democracy, to forget, whatever it was necessary to forget, then to draw it back into memory again at the moment when it was needed, and then promptly to forget it again, and above all, to apply the same process to the process itself---that was the ultimate subtlety; consciously to induce unconsciousness, and then, once again, to become unconscious of the act of hypnosis you had just performed. Even to understand the word ‘doublethink’ involved the use of doublethink”。

“ The power of holding two contradictory beliefs in one’s mind simultaneously, and accepting both of them……To tell deliberate lies while genuinely believing in them, to forget any fact that has become inconvenient, and then, when it becomes necessary again, to draw it back from oblivion for just as long as it is needed, to deny the existence of objective reality and all the while to take account of doublethink it is necessary to exercise doublethink. For by using the word one admits that one is tempering with reality; by a fresh act of doublethink one erases this knowledge; and so on indefinitely, with the lie always one leap ahead of the truth”.

举个doublethink例子，书中描写O’Brien教给Winston 2+2＝5。O’Brien明明知道2+2不等于5，可他相信2+2＝5。Winston相信2+2=4,他从意识里无法理解为什么2+2会等于5。而Winston犯的错是在他不能将自己的意识在否认谎言时完全阻止它，书中叫crimestop，”in short, means protective stupidity”. 另一个例子是最优秀的统治者都非常坚信自己可以统治世界，但同时又深深知道这是无法实现的。“For the secret of rulership is to combine a belief in one’s own infallibility with the power of learn from past mistakes。 World-conquest is believed in most firmly by those who know it to be impossible. This peculiar linking-together of opposites---knowledge with ignorance, cynicism with fanaticism”.

当Winston被问到为什么O’Brien和Party这样打他饿他时，Winston回答‘你们想让我屈服’，而O’Brien说“你错了！我们不想让你屈服，我们不想让任何人屈服在我们之下。我们是在拯救你，因为你病了，我们爱你，我们不想让任何人受压迫受痛苦，但Winston你有病了，你的病在于你认识不到自己的病，因为意识到自己的病需要自我毁灭。你认为你看到的2+2=4是不争的事实，但这是你脑子里的认识，不是事实。只有通过Party才能看到事实，你要将你自己谦卑下来”。

当Winston被问到Party的目的是什么，Winston回答“你统治我们是为了我们的好处，因为party认为人民没有统治自己的能力”。O’Brien大叫到“你错了！大大的错了！The Party seeks power entirely for its own sake. We are not interested in the good of others; we are interested solely in power. Not wealth or luxury or long life or happiness; only power, pure power. We are different from all the oligarchies of the past in that we know what we are doing. All the others, even those who resembled ourselves, were cowards and hypocrites. The German Nazis and the Russian Communists came very close to us in their methods, but they never had the courage to recognize their own motives. They pretended, perhaps they even believed, that they had seized power unwillingly and for a limited time, and that just round the corner there lay a paradise where human beings would be free and equal. We are not like that! We know that no one ever seizes power with the intention of relinquishing it. Power is not a means; it is an end. One does not establish a dictatorship in order to safeguard a revolution; one makes the revolution in order to establish the dictatorship!”

2. 社会的三个基本层次：高，中，低。

高层的目的是呆在高层；中层的目的是变为高层；低层的目的(如果他有目的的话)是将所有层次废除，然后建立一个平等和谐的社会。所以，历史就充满的这样的来来回回的斗争。高层呆在高层一段时间后，他们自己就对自己缺乏了信心，或他们丧失了统治能力，这样，中层就起来推翻了高层。中层利用的手段是他们假装是为了低层的正义和平等来为跟高层斗争，这样低层就为这个目的给中层卖命。但一旦中层变成高层以后，低层则跟以前的地位一样，还是低层。

所以，“No advance in wealth, no softening of manners, no reform or revolution has ever brought human equality a millimeter nearer. From the point of view of the Low, no historic change has ever meant much more than a change in the name of their master”.  低层永远换主不换位。

3. 四种可以颠覆统治者的力量。“ There are only four ways in which a ruling group can fall from power: 1) Either it is conquered from without, or 2)it governs so inefficiently that the masses are stirred to revolt, or 3) it allows a strong and discontented Middle Group to come into being, or 4)it loses its own self-confidence and willingness to govern. 

Ultimately the determining factor is the mental attitude of the ruling class itself. The masses never revolt of their own accord, and they never revolt merely because they are oppressed. 因为只要低层没有比较，他们根本就不会意识到自己是被压迫的。“1984”中的Party意识历史上所有统治者们犯的错误，包括杀一警百的意识错误。杀一警百是不管用的，因为杀了一个反抗者，但如果他的精神还在就会留下“祸根”，所以，Party要改造这些反抗者，将他们的病治好，让他们好好的活着，完全没有反抗的活着，不但没有反抗，还要从内心里爱Party.

最后，Winston完全失去了对Julia的爱，因为他真的爱“The Big Brother”.